Shear Capacity of RC Beams Retrofitted

The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of retrofit on shear capacity; cracks; and failure modes of beams. Four concrete beams reinforced internally with steel and externally with both wire mesh (Ø4,06mm) and SCC (2.5mm) applied to the specimens were tested under three-point bending. The shear failure is initiated by a major diagonal crack within the beam shear span. This diagonal crack extended horizontally at the level of the wire mesh. Results show that SCC with wire mesh is very effective for shear strengthening. Increases in strength of 71.82% for BWS over the BN as control, un-retrofitted beams were noted

Indeks Keragaman Ektoparasit pada Tikus Rumah Rattus Tanezumi Temminck, 1844 dan Tikus Polinesia R. Exulans (Peal, 1848) di Daerah Enzootik Pes Lereng Gunung Merapi, Jawa Tengah

ENGLISHStudy of index diversity of ectoparasite species in the body of rat R. tanezumi and Polynesian rat R. exulans was conducted on the slopes of Mt. Merapi, Sukabumi village, Cepogo Sub District, Boyolali District, Central Java from May up to December 2008. The purpose of this study was to accounter index diversity of ectoparasite species in roof rat R. tanezumi and Polynesia rat R. exulans. This study was descriptive research. The method of study was by wire trap and ectoparasite processing by combing the hair. Five main groups of ectoparasites were found on the bodies of roof rat R. tanezumi and Polynesian rat R. exulans i.e mites, chiggers, ticks, lice and fleas. It had been found 10 species of ectoparasites on the body of R. tanezumi. It was 2 species of fleas, Xenopsylla cheopis and Stivalius cognatus, 2 species of lice Polyplax spinulosa and Hoplopleura pasifica, 5 species of chiggers Leptotrombidium deliensis, L. lacunosa,and Gahrliepia disparunguis, 2 species of mites larvae Laelap echidninus and L. nuttalli and 1 species of tick Ixodes sp., whereas in the bodies of polynesian rat R. exulans were found all of species ectoparasites, exceptly chigger L. lacunosa and ticks Ixodes sp. Species of chiggers L. fletcheri and Celadonta were found too in the bodies of Polynesian rats R. exulans. Poly-ectoparasitism and indexs diversity of ectoparasites species on the bodies roof rats R. tanezumi and R. exulans (male and female) in domestic and peridomestic habitat in slope of Merapi Mountain, Central Java were not different significantlyINDONESIAStudi indeks keanekaragaman jenis ektoparasit pada tubuh tikus rumah Rattus tanezumi dan tikus Polinesia R. exulans telah dilakukan daerah di lereng Gunung Merapi, Desa Sukabumi, Kecamatan Cepogo, Kabupaten Boyolali, Jawa Tengah dilakukan pada bulan Mei-Desember 2008. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui indeks keragaman ektoparasit pada tikus rumah Rattus tanezumi dan tikus polinesia R. exulans. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah survei rodent dengan perangkap kawat, serta pemrosesan ektoparasit dengan penyisiran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lima kelompok ektoparasit telah ditemukan pada tubuh tikus rumah R. tanezumi dan tikus polinesia R. exulans.. Di tubuh tikus rumah R. tanezumi telah ditemukan 10 jenis ektoparasit yaitu 2 jenis kelompok pinjal, Xenopsylla cheopis dan Stivalius cognatus, 2 jenis kelompok kutu Polyplax spinulosa dan Hoplopleura Pasifica, 5 jenis kelompok larva tungau Leptotrombidium deliensis, L. lacunosa, dan Gahrliepia disparunguis, 2 jenis kelompok tungau Laelap echidninus dan L. nuttalli dan 1 jenis kelompok caplak Ixodes sp.,sedangkan pada tubuh tikus polynesia R. exulans telah ditemukan semua dari jenis ectoparasit tersebut di atas L. lacunose. Jenis larva tungau L. fletcheri dan Celadonta telah ditemukan di tubuh tikus polinesia R. exulans. Indeks keragaman ektoparasit pada tubuh tikus R. tanezumi dan tikus polinesia R. exulans, baik jantan maupun betina tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakn

Efficacy and safety of artemisinin-based combination therapy, and molecular markers for artemisinin and piperaquine resistance in Mainland Tanzania

Abstract Background Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is the first-line anti-malarial treatment of uncomplicated malaria in most malaria endemic countries, including Tanzania. Unfortunately, there have been reports of artemisinin resistance and ACT failure from South East Asia highlighting the need to monitor therapeutic efficacy of ACT in these countries as recommended by World Health Organization. Methods Open-label single arm studies in mainland Tanzania were conducted in nine sentinel sites in 2011, 2012 and 2015 to assess the efficacy and safety of artemether/lumefantrine (AL) and artesunate/amodiaquine (ASAQ) using 28 days follow-up and dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine (DHAPQ) using 42 days follow-up. Mutations in the propeller domain of the Plasmodium falciparum kelch 13 (k13) gene and amplification of the P. falciparum plasmepsin 2 (pm2) gene, associated with artemisinin and piperaquine (PQ) resistance, were also investigated. Results Of the 428 patients enrolled, 328 patients provided study endpoint. For AL, the PCR corrected per-protocol analysis showed adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) of 90.3% (n = 28; 95% CI 74.2–98.0) in Kyela 2012, 95.7% (n = 22; 95% CI 78.1–99.0) in Chamwino, 100% in Muheza (n = 29; 95% CI 88.1–100), 100% in Nagaga (n = 39; 95% CI 91.0–100) and Kyela 2015 (n = 60; 95% CI 94.0–100). For ASAQ, PCR corrected ACPR of 98% (n = 49; 95% CI 89.4–99.9) and 100% (n = 25; 95% CI 86.3–100) were observed in 2011 in Ujiji and Kibaha, respectively. For DHAPQ, the ACPR was 100% (n = 71; 95% CI 94.9–100). Of the 235 samples with genetic interpretable results, only 7 (3%) had non-synonymous k13 mutations. None of these are candidate or validated markers of artemisinin resistance and all patients carrying these alleles cleared the parasites on day 3. Of the DHAPQ group, 10% (3/29) of the samples with interpretable results had pm2 multiple copies and none of them was associated with treatment failure. Conclusion All the tested ACT in mainland Tanzania were highly efficacious and none of validated k13 mutants associated with artemisinin resistance was observed. However, three isolates with multiple copy numbers of pm2 gene associated with PQ resistance among the limited samples tested successfully calls for further investigation. Trial registration Number ACTRN12615000159550. Registered 18th February 2015, https://www.anzctr.org.au/trial/MyTrial.asp

Migration in Asia

Asia presents a unique setting for the study of human migration. Home to more than three-fifths of the world’s population and spanning almost a third of global land mass, Asia is host to diverse cultures, economies, political systems and settlement patterns. In tandem with national variations in population size and composition, these factors have led to marked variations in human spatial mobility across the region. This chapter draws on emerging data on international and internal migration to explore migration intensity and patterns of spatial redistribution both between and within Asian countries. The chapter begins by tracing patterns of international migration using data from the United Nations and The World Bank and identifies four distinct migration systems. Turning to internal migration, data from the IMAGE project (Bell et al. 2015a) are used to explore cross-national differences in the lifetime intensity and pattern of spatial redistribution within 16 Asian countries. Results reveal considerable diversity in international and internal migration, reflecting differences in levels of urbanisation, in the effect of government policies, and in stages of economic development.16 page(s