Covid-19 Lockdown and The Plights of People Remanded in Security Detention Centres: A Socio Legal Analysis

The researchers analyzed from sociological and legal perspectives the COVID-19 lockdown and the plights of people remanded in security detention centers in Nigeria. The objective of the study is to identify the loopholes in the Constitution of the Federal Republic 1999 as amended and other relevant legal provisions in Nigeria. The study is an exploratory type of research whose goal is to explore the phenomenon under investigation. This research design is considered appropriate for this paper because the COVID-19 lockdown has explored the weaknesses of the extant legal provisions in Nigeria in a situation like the Lockdown. Data were from secondary sources and were subjected to content analysis. The result revealed that during the COVID-19 lockdown in Nigeria, accused persons, awaiting trial persons and prisoners in different detention centers were detained beyond the legal requirements whereas there is no legal provision that clearly stated remedies.Tulisan ini mengkaji hak-hak orang yang ditahan oleh aparat keamanan atau dijebloskan ke dalam lembaga pemasyarakatan oleh Pengadilan sebelum lockdown COVID-19 dan menjalani masa karantina COVID-19 dalam tahanan. Para peneliti mengidentifikasi ketentuan hukum yang terkandung dalam Konstitusi Republik Federal Nigeria 1999 celah di dalamnya yang gagal membuat ketentuan untuk keadaan darurat seperti penguncian. Konsekuensi yang tidak diinginkan dari tindakan purposive oleh Robert Merton diadopsi sebagai penjelasan teoretis. Makalah ini mengadopsi desain penelitian eksplorasi untuk mengeksplorasi kekosongan dalam Hukum Nigeria di mana data bersumber dari sumber sekunder dalam teks terdokumentasi. Makalah ini menemukan bahwa semua Undang-undang dan Undang-undang di Nigeria tidak memiliki ketentuan tentang bagaimana memberi kompensasi kepada orang-orang yang mengalami masalah emosional, keuangan sosial, dan psikologis sebagai akibat dari waktu yang mereka habiskan di sel tahanan di luar waktu yang diharapkan karena penguncian

Covid-19 Lockdown and The Plights of People Remanded in Security Detention Centres: A Socio Legal Analysis

The researchers analyzed from sociological and legal perspectives the COVID-19 lockdown and the plights of people remanded in security detention centers in Nigeria. The objective of the study is to identify the loopholes in the Constitution of the Federal Republic 1999 as amended and other relevant legal provisions in Nigeria. The study is an exploratory type of research whose goal is to explore the phenomenon under investigation. This research design is considered appropriate for this paper because the COVID-19 lockdown has explored the weaknesses of the extant legal provisions in Nigeria in a situation like the Lockdown. Data were from secondary sources and were subjected to content analysis. The result revealed that during the COVID-19 lockdown in Nigeria, accused persons, awaiting trial persons and prisoners in different detention centers were detained beyond the legal requirements whereas there is no legal provision that clearly stated remedies.Tulisan ini mengkaji hak-hak orang yang ditahan oleh aparat keamanan atau dijebloskan ke dalam lembaga pemasyarakatan oleh Pengadilan sebelum lockdown COVID-19 dan menjalani masa karantina COVID-19 dalam tahanan. Para peneliti mengidentifikasi ketentuan hukum yang terkandung dalam Konstitusi Republik Federal Nigeria 1999 celah di dalamnya yang gagal membuat ketentuan untuk keadaan darurat seperti penguncian. Konsekuensi yang tidak diinginkan dari tindakan purposive oleh Robert Merton diadopsi sebagai penjelasan teoretis. Makalah ini mengadopsi desain penelitian eksplorasi untuk mengeksplorasi kekosongan dalam Hukum Nigeria di mana data bersumber dari sumber sekunder dalam teks terdokumentasi. Makalah ini menemukan bahwa semua Undang-undang dan Undang-undang di Nigeria tidak memiliki ketentuan tentang bagaimana memberi kompensasi kepada orang-orang yang mengalami masalah emosional, keuangan sosial, dan psikologis sebagai akibat dari waktu yang mereka habiskan di sel tahanan di luar waktu yang diharapkan karena penguncian

Assessment of water quality using biological monitoring working party (BMWP) and average score per taxon (ASPT) score at Kanye and Magaga dams, Kano

Macro invertebrate biotic indices have been widely used to assess quality of water bodies in the world. The Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) and its Average Score Per Taxon (ASPT) score system is one of the most common biotic indices in use and has been applied to various streams and rivers throughout Europe and world. This study examines the water quality at Kanye and Magaga Dams using the BMWP/ASPT score index for the first time. Macro invertebrates were sampled from the upper and lower parts of the Dam using standard kick sampling techniques and identified to family level. The computed BMWP/ASPT score revealed higher value at the upper parts than the lower parts of the Dams. Kanye Dam showed a cumulative BMWP/ASPT scores of 50 and3.85 while at Madaga Dam the cumulative BMWP/ASPT scores were 61 and 2.66 respectively, which are within class III category of moderately polluted water body. One way analysis of variance result revealed a significant difference (p<0.05) in BMWP/ASPT score value between the lower and upper part of both Dams. The result showed macro invertebrates were more diverse at the upper part than the lower part of the Dams. This study has further strengthened the use of BMWP/ASPT score index as an index of organic pollution in Nigerian water bodies. However additional application and validation is required to develop an adopted version BMWP/ASPT score index based on the sensitivity of our local taxa.Key words: Biotic index, Macro invertebrates, Pollution

Proximate Analysis and Elemental Composition of Vigna membranacea Seeds

This study was conducted to investigate the proximate composition and toxic metals composition of Vigna membranacea cultivated in Kano state, Nigeria. The results of proximate composition showed the presence of ash, protein, crude fibre, moisture, Lipid and carbohydrate. From the result obtained, carbohydrate was found to be the dominant nutrient in the seed, followed by ash content, then protein content, then moisture content, crude fibre and finally lipid. Elemental analysis revealed the presence of the following toxic elements: lead (Pb), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni) and Chromium (Cr) with Chromium been the highest while cobalt was found to be lowest. For the non-toxic elements, Zinc (Zn) was recorded to be the dominant element, followed by Calcium (Ca), then Manganese (Mn), then Potassium (K), then Magnesium (Mg), followed by Iron (Fe) with Copper (Cu) been the lowest. The results obtained from the present studies could be a source of valuable information and a guideline for food scientists, researchers and even the legume consumers not only in Nigeria but all over the world where this seed is found. Keywords: Proximate analysis, Elemental analysis, Vigna membranacea and seeds. DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/91-07 Publication date:October 31st 201

Unsteady magneto hydrodynamic poiseuille oscillatory flow between two infinite parallel porous plates

Alfred studied on the steady Magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) Poiseuille flow between two infinite parallel porous plates in an inclined magnetic field. The case of steady Poiseuille flow without oscillatory to extend the existing work. The study examines the unsteady MHD Poiseuille oscillatory flow between the two infinite parallel porous plates in a magnetic field. The motion of two dimensional unsteady oscillatory flow of viscous, electrically, conducting, incompressible fluid flowing between two infinite parallel plates at constant pressure gradient was examined. The analytical expression for the fluid velocity obtained was expressed in terms of Hartmann number. The effects of the magnetic inclinations, Hartmann number, suction/injection and pressure gradient to the velocity are presented graphically. It was discovered that the increase in the Hartmann number and suction/injection leads to the increase in the velocity

Improvement of Leucaena (<em>Leucaena leucocephala</em>) Benth. Seeds Emergence Using Hot Saline Water Treatment Durations

Leucaena leucocephala is a leguminous shrub that has the potential for increasing animal production with diverse environmental and ecological significance. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of hot saline water treatment durations on the emergence of Leucaena seeds. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with six treatments and three replicates. The treatments are control, soaking of seeds in hot saline water (20 g NaCl/1 L of distilled water) at 80°C for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5-min durations. The percentage emergence, emergence index, plant height and leave numbers were measured. Hot saline water treatment durations had positive effect of breaking Leucaena seed dormancy and enhance germination. The highest percentage emergence and emergence index (53.9% and 7.95) were obtained at 2 min treatment durations but plant height and number of leaves were highest (6.29 cm and 7.00 cm) respectively in 4 min of treatment durations. It could be concluded that percentage emergence and seedling growth of Leucaena can be enhanced using 2 min hot saline water treatment duration. It is recommended that saline soils that have being degraded due to oil spillage to enable production of Leuceana as animal feed and control environmental degradation

The Use of Plastic Fiber for Minimizing Stripping Potential of Bituminous Mixture

One of the effects of water in bituminous pavement is the stripping of aggregates from the mixture causing severe distresses such as potholes. In this study, fiber was produced using recycle plastics and it was used as reinforcement in bituminous mixture against moisture damage. The reinforcements were 0.3%, 0.5% 0.7% and 1.0% of the total weight of bituminous mixture with a view to determine the effective fiber dosage. The stripping potential of control and fiber reinforced mixtures were determined using moisture susceptibility test. From the test results, highest tensile strength ratio (TSR) was obtained in mixtures containing 0.5% recycle plastic fiber. The result also indicated higher indirect tensile strength for both dry and saturated at 0.5% plastic fiber reinforcement. For 0.7% and 1.0% recycle plastic fiber reinforced bituminous mixture, both tensile strength and tensile strength ratio were low compared to that of control mixture. From this study, reinforcing bituminous mixture using 0.5% recycle plastic proved to be effective in improving stripping resistance

Study the spray characteristic and mixture of diesel-water compare with biodiesel on fractal grid turbulence generated using schlieren method in burner system

In the global world nowadays, diesel is widely use with the high demand for fuel in automotive and burner system. Diesel fuel release harmful gases to the surrounding when it been use. Therefore, various study has been done for controlling the levels of harmful gas emission and air pollutants. Fractal grid is the component located in rapid mixing injector that can improve the formation of a mixture on fuel and air in the combustion process. Fractal grid also can increase the length of penetration achieve high combustion velocity in the combustion process and reduce emission. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of fractal grid towards spray characteristic and mixture of fuel and air in burner system. Schlieren method will be used to capture image of spray which the spray characteristic such as spray tip penetration, spray angle and spray area to be analyzed. Spray image will be compared with different groups of images that have been taken. The air to fuel ratio is good combination to the fractal grid which it can provide good spray behavior and reduce emission. This experiment will be used three types of fractal grid with different geometry. The experiment also uses diesel and biodiesel (B5, B10, B15) with addition of water content (W0, W5, W10, W15). This study found that the increase in the equivalent ratio made the long spray penetration and wide spray while the spray angle is smaller. Lastly, fractal grid is turbulence generator for the mixture of diesel-air for reduce emission

Simultaneous Distribution Network Reconfiguration and Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation

A reliable, eco- and nature-friendly operation has been the major concern of modern power system (PS). To improve the PS reliability and reduce the adverse environmental effect of conventional thermal generation facilities, renewable energy based distributed generation (RDG) are being enormously integrated to low and medium voltage distribution networks (DN). However, if these systems are not properly deployed, the reliability and stability of the PS will be endangered and its quality can be dreadfully jeopardized. Among the measures taken to avoid such is optimizing the location and size of each RDG unit in the DNs. These networks are generally operated in a radial configuration, though they can be reconfigured to other topologies to achieve certain objectives. Both RDG placement/sizing and DN reconfiguration are highly non-linear, multi-objective, constrained and combinatorial optimization problems. In this study, a hybrid of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and real-coded Genetic Algorithm (GA) techniques is employed for DN reconfiguration and optimal allocation (size and location) of multiple RDG units in primary DNs simultaneously. The objectives of the proposed technique are active power loss reduction, voltage profile (VP) and feeder load balancing (LB) improvement. It is carried out subject to some technical constraints, with the search space being the set of DN branches, DG sizes and potential locations.&nbsp; To ascertain the effectiveness of the technique, it is implemented on standard IEEE 16-bus, 33-bus and 69-bus test DNs. The proposed algorithm is implemented in MATLAB and MATPOWER environments. It is observed the power loss, voltage deviation and LB are found to be reduced by 32.84%, 12.33% and 24.03% of their respective inherent values in the biggest system when the system is reconfigured only. With the optimized RDGs placed in the reconfigured systems, a further reductions of 46.27%, 25.92% and 36.65% are observed respectively. &nbsp