Acute Administration of Clozapine and Risperidone Altered Dopamine Metabolism More in Rat Caudate than in Nucleus Accumbens: A Dose-Response Relationship

The present study compares the extrapyramidal and neurochemical effects of clozapine and risperidone in rat caudate (corpus striatum) and nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum) dose-dependently. Animals injected with clozapine (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg IP) or risperidone (1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg IP) in acute were sacrificed 1 h later to collect brain samples. Extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) in terms of locomotor activity and catalepsy were monitored in each animal after the drug or vehicle administration. Maximum cataleptic potentials were found only at high doses of clozapine (10.0 mg/kg; 60%) and risperidone (5.0 mg/kg; 100%). Neurochemical estimations were carried out by HPLC-EC. Both drugs at all doses significantly (p<0.01) increased the concentration of homovanillic acid (HVA), a metabolite of DA, in the caudate nucleus and decreased in nucleus accumbens. Levels of Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) significantly (p<0.01) increased in the caudate by clozapine administration and decreased in the nucleus accumbens by the administration of both drugs in a dose-dependent manner. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the predominant metabolite of serotonin significantly decreased in the caudate and nucleus accumbens in a similar fashion. Levels of tryptophan (TRP) were remained insignificant in caudate and nucleus accumbens by the injections of two drugs. In caudate, clozapine and risperidone administrations significantly (p<0.01) decreased HVA/DA ratio and increased DOPAC/DA ratio in nucleus accumbens at all doses. The findings suggest the evidence for DA/5-HT receptor interaction as an important link in the lower incidence of EPS. The possible role of serotonin1A receptors in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is also discussed

Effects of chronic mild stress on apomorphine induced behavioral sensitization in different brain regions of rats in relation to serotonin change

Background: The impacts of unpredictable stressors have influence on neurochemical and behavioral parameters in laboratory animals. Stress induced behavioral changes particularly those associated with anxiety like behavior may activate topographically organized mesolimbic cortical serotonergic system. This study was designed to investigate the influence of unpredictable stress on behavioral and neurochemical parameters in apomorphine treated rats.Methods: Initially, the animals were divided into two groups as Unstressed and stressed (uncontrollable chronic mild stress or UCMS). Both groups of animals were subdivided into two groups; i.e. saline and apomorphine administrated animals at dose 1.0 mg/kg. Behavioral manipulations was observed by monitoring the locomotor activity and exploratory activity. Neurochemical estimation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was done by High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).  Animals were decapitated 24hr post apomorphine injection and different regions of brain (dorsal and ventral striatum), of animals were collected and stored at -70°C.Results: This preclinical study showed that the UCMS induced hypophagia were promoted in apomorphine administrated animals. Apomorphine induced hyperlocomotion were more prominent in unstressed animals than that of stressed groups.  It implies that apomorphine is effective in the retrieval from UCMS induced depressive symptoms in rats. Neurochemical study showed decreased level of 5-HT in unstressed animals than stressed animals in response to apomorphine administration.Conclusion: This study, therefore establish the relation between stress and addiction at behavioral as well as neurochemical level to better understand the idea whether intolerable stress promotes addiction

An Automated Text Mining Approach for Classifying Mental-Ill Health Incidents from Police Incident Logs for Data-Driven Intelligence

Data-driven intelligence can play a pivotal role in enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of police service provision. Despite of police organizations being a rich source of qualitative data (present in less formally structured formats, such as the text logs), little work has been done in automating steps to allow this data to feed into intelligence-led policing tasks, such as demand analysis/prediction. This paper examines the use of police incident logs to better estimate the demand of officers across all incidents, with particular respect to the cases where mental-ill health played a primary part. Persons suffering from mental-ill health are significantly more likely to come into contact with the police, but statistics relating to how much actual police time is spent dealing with this type of incident are highly variable and often subjective. We present a novel deep learning based text mining approach, which allows accurate extraction of mental-ill health related incidents from police incident logs. The data gained from these automated analyses can enable both strategic and operational planning within police forces, allowing policy makers to develop long term strategies to tackle this issue, and to better plan for day-today demand on services. The proposed model has demonstrated the cross-validated classification accuracy of 89.5% on the real dataset

Rhetorical Devices and Stylistic Features of Qur'anic Grammar

The language and style of the Qur’an have attracted a large amount of work by Western scholars. Yet there are two neglected areas: balāgha in Arabic (rhetoric), and certain aspects of Qur’anic style. This chapter sheds some light on both. Balāgha was developed to understand the finest aspects of Qur’anic Arabic. It is important in Arabic education, even in secondary schools, but not in the Western tradition of teaching Arabic. ʿIlm al-maʿanī (the study of meanings) is the most neglected part of balāgha. A summary is given here of its main topics, which may help to remedy some serious misunderstandings of the language and effect of the Qur’an. Whereas Western works on style have largely concentrated on figurative language, jinās, sajʿ, etc., other aspects of style are discussed that are more informative of the way the Qur’an presents its message and makes it effective

Design and Implementation of Power System Optimization Using Particles Swarm Algorithms

This study aims to develop a power system optimization simulation environment for one of Electrical Supply Grid in Peshawar Region where theoretical, calculated and collected data is used and proposes enhancements in the distribution system as per the results of the simulation of the Particle Swarm Optimizer and Newton Rhapson Algorithm on it. The simulation framework is cross-evaluated on the IEEE-30 Bus bar system and compared with eminent researches in this field. The results are plotted and tabulated first as a comparison and then as a proposed model for Peshawar Region’s selected substations and the involved grid

A Taxonomy on Misbehaving Nodes in Delay Tolerant Networks

Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) are type of Intermittently Connected Networks (ICNs) featured by long delay, intermittent connectivity, asymmetric data rates and high error rates. DTNs have been primarily developed for InterPlanetary Networks (IPNs), however, have shown promising potential in challenged networks i.e. DakNet, ZebraNet, KioskNet and WiderNet. Due to unique nature of intermittent connectivity and long delay, DTNs face challenges in routing, key management, privacy, fragmentation and misbehaving nodes. Here, misbehaving nodes i.e. malicious and selfish nodes launch various attacks including flood, packet drop and fake packets attack, inevitably overuse scarce resources (e.g., buffer and bandwidth) in DTNs. The focus of this survey is on a review of misbehaving node attacks, and detection algorithms. We firstly classify various of attacks depending on the type of misbehaving nodes. Then, detection algorithms for these misbehaving nodes are categorized depending on preventive and detective based features. The panoramic view on misbehaving nodes and detection algorithms are further analyzed, evaluated mathematically through a number of performance metrics. Future directions guiding this topic are also presented

Comparative study of biological activity of glutathione, sodium tungstate and glutathione-tungstate mixture

Glutathione (GSH) and sodium tungstate (Na2WO4) are important pharmacological agents. They provide protection to cells against cytotoxic agents and thus reduce their cytotoxicity. It was of interest to study the biological activity of these two pharmacological active agents. Different strains of bacteria were used and the zone of inhibition was determined for GSH, Na2WO4 and GSH+ Na2WO4 mixture. The results show high antibacterial activity of GSH as compared to Na2WO4 and Na2WO4+GSH mixture. It was observed that GSH antibacterial activity was significantly lowered upon addition of Na2WO4 to GSH aqueous solution. The results conclude with the proposed formation of W-SG complex in aqueous solution.Key words: Glutathione, sodium tungstate, antibacterial activity, strains of bacteria

Spectrophotometric determination of uranium with arsenazo-III in perchloric acid

A short, sensitive and reliable spectrophotometric method, which has advantages over all known “wet chemistry” methods for uranium determination with regard to tolerance to common interferences, has been developed for the determination of uranium. Selectivity, molar absorptivity and the determination range of uranium have been enhanced by using 0.07 % arsenazo-III as a chromogenic reagent. The use of 3 mol dm-3 perchloric acid as a medium of determination was found to be excellent in terms of good solvent compatibility on dilution, destruction of organic contamination and simplicity of operation. The uranium-arsenazo-III complex formed instantly, and was found to be stable for more than 3 weeks with constant absorbance. Beer’s law was obeyed up to a uranium concentration of 16 μg g-1, with 1 a molar absorptivity at 651 nm of 1.45 x 105 mol-1 dm3 cm -1 at 24 ± 2 °C. Only phosphate and citrate at 70-fold excess over uranium interfere seriously, whereas other anions studied could be tolerated up to a 70 fold excess over uranium. Of the cations studied, only Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Cr(III) decreased the normal absorbance of the complex. Iron(III), Ce(III) and Y(III) enhanced the absorbance. Other cations studied did not affect the absorbance up to a 50 fold excess. The accuracy was checked by determining uranium from standard solutions in the range 10-50 μg g-1. It was found to be accurate with a 96.0-98.6.% recovery rate. The method has been successfully applied to standard reference materials and ore samples at μg g-1 levels