Sailing the Archipelago in a Boat of Rhymes Pantun in the Malay World

The extremely popular poetic form from Insular Southeast Asia, the pantun, travelled from its unknown source throughout the Malay Archipelago, first in Malay, then in the languages of Southeast Asia. In the ports and states where they were received, local colour, other idiosyncrasies, references, and linguistic characteristics have been added, and in fact, special forms with special names developed. This basic form is known, composed, and loved in at least 40 dialects of Malay, and 35 non-Malay languages, in the Peninsula and many of the islands of Malaysia and Indonesia. It spread through trade routes, ports, and also via diasporas and colonial economic projects which caused numerous peoples to move, who in turn brought the pantun along with them. It is now the most dynamic single literary form and has the longest history

Relative Odds of Neck Pain to Helmet Use Among Motorcyclists: a Case-Control Study

Background: Neck pain is a widespread problem among motorcyclists, which is often neglected. There is limited research on the motorcycle's ergonomics, particularly in the context of the interaction between the riders and motorcycle. Motorcycle helmets have proven to increase the weight on the neck, thus causing more burdens which can lead to neck pain. Methodology: Case-Control study design was opted to measure the relative odds of neck pain in relation to the helmet use as an exposure. A total of 260 (mean age of 22.58 ± S.D. 1.95 years) undergraduate students were selected using purposive sampling. The case to control ratio was 1:4 (54 Cases and 206 Controls) where cases were defined as the motorcyclists having neck pain with a riding experience of more than one year. The neck pain and disability scale were obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. Chi-square and binary logistic regression were used to calculate the significant relationship and odds of neck pain amongst motorcyclists with and without helmet use. Results: The study results showed that out of 260 motorcyclists, 190 (73.1%) were helmet users, and 54 (20.8%) had neck pain, 70 (27.9%) helmet users had a neck pain prevalence of 11 (4.2%). The relative odd to have neck pain was 2.13 times more amongst the motorcyclists using the helmet as compared to that of non-helmet users. The logistic regression results showed significant results (P < 0.05) with regards to the BMI, helmet weight and duration of helmet use but did not show a significant relation with average motorcycle use per day unless it exceeded 70 kilometres. Conclusion: Use of helmet can be a potential cause of neck pain amongst motorcyclist users but the odds to have neck pain enhance with the increase in motorcycle use per day. The protective benefits are multi-fold for helmet use which outreaches the negative impact, including neck pain amongst motorcyclists

Drop size in a liquid pulsed sieve-plate extraction column

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

A New Weibull-G Family of Distributions

Statistical analysis of lifetime data is an important topic in reliability engineering, biomedical and social sciences and others. We introduce a new generator based on the Weibull random variable called the new Weibull-G family. We study some of its mathematical properties. Its density function can be symmetrical, left-skewed, right-skewed, bathtub and reversed-J shaped, and has increasing, decreasing, bathtub, upside-down bathtub, J, reversed-J and S shaped hazard rates. Some special models are presented. We obtain explicit expressions for the ordinary and incomplete moments, quantile and generating functions, Renyi entropy, order statistics and reliability. Three useful characterizations based on truncated moments are also proposed for the new family. The method of maximum likelihood is used to estimate the model parameters. We illustrate the importance of the family by means of two applications to real data sets

The Kumaraswamy Marshal-Olkin Family of Distributions

We introduce a new family of continuous distributions called the Kumaraswamy Marshal-Olkin generalized family of distributions. We study some mathematical properties of this family. Its density function is symmetrical, left-skewed, right-skewed and reversed-J shaped, and has constant, increasing, decreasing, upside-down bathtub, bathtub and S-shaped hazard rate. We present some special models and investigate the asymptotics and shapes of the family. We derive a power series for the quantile function and obtain explicit expressions for the moments, generating function, mean deviations, two types of entropies and order statistics. Some useful characterizations of the family are also proposed. The method of maximum likelihood is used to estimate the model parameters. We illustrate the importance of the family by means of two applications to real data sets

Pengaruh Minat dan Kebiasaan Belajar terhadap Hasil Belajar Biologi Siswa SMA Se-kota Stabat

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh minat siswa dan kesiapan belajar terhadap hasil belajar biologi siswa SMA di Kota Stabat. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SMA Negeri Se-Kota Stabat pada tahun 2015. Metode penelitian adalah penelitian eks post facto dengan sampel penelitian sebanyak 155 siswa yang ditentukan secara purposive cluster random sampling (sampel acak kelompok) yaitu 83 siswa dari kelompok SMA negeri dan 72 siswa dari kelompok SMA Swasta. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan angket yang berjumlah 42 item pernyataan. Analisis data menggunakan uji korelasi dan regresi pada taraf siginfikan = 0,05 dengan bantuan aplikasi komputer SPSS ver.20,0. Hasil penelitian dan pengujian analisis korelasi menunjukkan: (1) Terdapat pengaruh minat terhadap hasil belajar biologi siswa SMA (r = 0,451 ; P = 0,000). (2) Terdapat pengaruh kebiasaan belajar terhadap hasil belajar biologi siswa SMA (r = 0,045 ; P = 0,000). Tindak lanjut dari hasil penelitian ini diharapkan kepada seluruh Tenaga Pendidik khusus mata pelajaran Biologi untuk lebih meningkatkan kemampuan, keterampilan dan motivasinya dalam meningkatkan minat belajar biologi siswa, dan dengan bantuan keluarga bekerja sama meningkatkan kebiasaan belajar siswa untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar

Hypocenter Distribution of Low Frequency Event at Papandayan Volcano

Papandayan volcano is a stratovolcano with irregular cone-shaped has eight craters around the peak. The most active crater in Papandayan is a Mas crater. Distribution of relocated event calculated using Geiger Adaptive Damping Algorithm (GAD) shows that the epicenter of the event centered below Mas crater with maximum rms 0.114. While depth of the hypocenter range between 0-2 km and 5-6 km due to activity of steam and gas

Pengembangan Perangkat Pembelajaran Matematika Model Kooperatif dengan Pendekatan Kombinasi Experiences, Language, Pictorial, Symbol, Application (ELPSA) dan Saintifik

The research was Development Research with limited test which aimed to develop Mathematics learning devices with Cooperative Model with The Combination Of Experiences, Language, Pictorial, Symbol, Application (ELPSA) and Scientific Approach in Inequality Absolute Value, Fraction, and Irrational material which covered Lesson Plan, Students Book, and Students Worksheet. The subjects of the research were the students of class X at SMAN 2 Polewali Mandar District with the total of 35 students. The Development procedure of the research employed Thiagarajan Model (4-D) which covered four stages, namely defining, design, development, and dissemination. The result of limited test showed that (1) the average score obtained by the students in learning result test is 75.42 from ideal score by 100 with deviation standard 8.69 where 29 from 35 students or 82.85% met individual completeness which shows that classical completeness had been reached; (2) by using Mathematics learning devices with Cooperative Model with the Combination Of Experiences, Language, Pictorial, Symbol, Application (ELPSA) and Scientific Approach, the students are more active in the learning process; (3) in general, the students gave good responses on the learning devices used; and (4) the level of teacher' abilities in managing learning process of Cooperative Model with the Combination Of Experiences, Language, Pictorial, Symbol, Application (ELPSA) and Scientific Approach is in good category, meaning that the teachers' performances can be maintained. Based on the results of the research, it can concluded that Mathematics learning devices with Cooperative Model with the Combination Of Experiences, Language, Pictorial, Symbol, Application (ELPSA) and Scientific Approach developed has met the requirement of valid, effective, and practical criteria

Nasal Drug Delivery Systems: An Overview

Since ancient times, drugs have been administered via the nasal route for therapeutic and recreational purposes. The interest in, and importance, of the systemic effects of drugs administered through the nasal route, have expanded over recent decades. Intra-nasal administration of drugs offers an interesting alternative for achieving systemic therapeutic effects of drugs that are comparable to the parenteral route, which can be inconvenient at times or oral administration, which can result in unacceptably low drug bioavailability. So, it is important to understand the potential and limitations of various nasal drug delivery systems. Therefore, the aim of this review article is to discuss the various pharmaceutical dosage forms that have the potential to be utilised for local or systemic drug administration. It is intuitively expected that this review will help to understand and further to develop suitable intra-nasal formulations to achieve specific therapeutic objectives