Prognostic Significance of Promoter Hypermethylation and Diminished Gene Expression of SYNPO2 in Melanoma.

status: publishe

Determination of Particles and Carcinogenic Compounds Emitted by Combustion of Diesel and Diesel:Biodiesel Blends

Among the main pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by diesel combustion are the particles. Most of the studies suggest that the greatest impact on health by the particles is caused by some of the organic compounds such as the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are highly toxic and carcinogenic compounds. Some of the strategies that are being implemented to mitigate these harmful particles emissions are the use of alternative fuels, such as biodiesel. In this research, the characterization of six fuels (diesel and five biodiesel, obtained from different raw materials) was carried out. Diesel:Biodiesel blends were prepared at 5, 10 and 20% of biodiesel on proportion to the diesel (B5, B10 and B20). Additionally, B100 was analyzed for some biodiesels. The particles emitted by the combustion of the different fuels were sampled and their concentration was determined. The organic compounds were extracted from the particles by ultrasound-assisted extraction and subsequently the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In this study, it was observed that the use of biodiesel decreases the emission of particle concentration, but it is not significant. In the case of the concentrations of carcinogenic compounds (PAHs), the B20 biodiesel blends emissions had a statistically significant reduction compared to diesel emissions

Chemical characterization of filterable PM2.5 emissions generated from regulated stationary sources in the Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica

Filterable PM2.5 concentrations and their chemical characterizations were analyzed for 67 boilers and 25 indirect furnaces located in the Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica from February 2014 to November 2015. The PM2.5 samples were characterized by their composition, focusing on trace elements, inorganic ions and organic and elemental carbon. The results of PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 72 to 735 mgm-3, with the highest concentrations found for sources using biomass fuel, particularly Type B boilers, and the lowest values for diesel boilers. Further speciation of fine particulate matter (PM) showed significant levels of vanadium and nickel for boilers that use heavy fuel oil (bunker); 4886 and 1942 μgm-3, respectively. Copper and manganese were the most relevant metals for biomass burning sources, due to plant absorption from the soil. As for ion concentration, sulfate presented the highest concentrations for biomass boilers and furnaces, whereas chloride only presented the highest concentrations for furnaces. To complete the balance, organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC) analyses were made, in which biomass burning sources presented values five times higher than oil fuels. A Spearman's correlation analysis was made for the data set, revealing significant relationships between heavy metals, sulfate, and fine PM with respect to heavy fuel oil. For the biomass sources, the correlations pointed to K, Na, Mn and, in some cases, oxygen.Se analizaron las concentraciones filtrables de PM2.5 y sus caracterizaciones químicas para 67 calderas y 25 hornos indirectos ubicados en el Área Metropolitana de Costa Rica desde febrero de 2014 hasta noviembre de 2015. Las muestras de PM2.5 se caracterizaron por su composición, centrándose en oligoelementos, iones inorgánicos y carbono orgánico y elemental. Los resultados de las concentraciones de PM2.5 variaron de 72 a 735 mgm-3, con las concentraciones más altas encontradas para fuentes que utilizan combustible de biomasa, particularmente calderas Tipo B, y el valores más bajos para calderas diesel. Una mayor especiación de partículas finas (PM) mostró una significativa niveles de vanadio y níquel para calderas que utilizan fuel oil pesado (bunker); 4886 y 1942 mgm-3, respectivamente. El cobre y el manganeso fueron los metales más relevantes para las fuentes de combustión de biomasa, debido a Absorción de plantas del suelo. En cuanto a la concentración de iones, el sulfato presentó las mayores concentraciones para calderas y hornos de biomasa, mientras que el cloruro solo presentó las concentraciones más altas para los hornos. Para completar el balance, se realizaron análisis de carbono orgánico y elemental (OC y EC), en los cuales las fuentes de combustión de biomasa presentaron valores cinco veces superiores a los combustibles derivados del petróleo. La correlación de Spearman. Se realizó un análisis para el conjunto de datos, revelando relaciones significativas entre metales pesados, sulfato y PM fino con respecto al fuelóleo pesado. Para las fuentes de biomasa, las correlaciones apuntaron a K, Na, Mn y, en algunos casos, oxígeno.As concentrações filtráveis ​​de PM2,5 e suas caracterizações químicas foram analisadas para 67 caldeiras e 25 fornos indiretos localizados na Região Metropolitana da Costa Rica de fevereiro de 2014 a novembro de 2015. As amostras de PM2,5 foram caracterizadas por sua composição, com foco em oligoelementos, íons inorgânicos e carbono orgânico e elementar. Os resultados para as concentrações de PM2,5 variaram de 72 a 735 mgm-3, com as concentrações mais altas encontradas para fontes que usam combustível de biomassa, particularmente caldeiras Tipo B, e os valores mais baixos para caldeiras a diesel. A maior especiação de partículas finas (PM) mostrou níveis significativos de vanádio e níquel para caldeiras que usam óleo combustível pesado (bunker); 4886 e 1942 mgm-3, respectivamente. O cobre e o manganês foram os metais mais relevantes para as fontes de combustão da biomassa, devido à absorção das plantas do solo. Em relação à concentração de íons, o sulfato apresentou as maiores concentrações para caldeiras e fornos a biomassa, enquanto o cloreto apresentou as maiores concentrações apenas para os fornos. Para completar o balanço, foram realizadas análises de carbono orgânico e elementar (OC e EC), nas quais as fontes de combustão de biomassa apresentaram valores cinco vezes maiores que os combustíveis derivados do petróleo. A correlação de Spearman. Uma análise foi realizada para o conjunto de dados, revelando relações significativas entre metais pesados, sulfato e MP fino em relação ao óleo combustível pesado. Para fontes de biomassa, as correlações apontaram para K, Na, Mn e, em alguns casos, oxigênio.Universidad Nacional, Costa RicaUniversidad Autónoma Metropolitana, MéxicoEscuela de Ciencias Ambientale

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in filterable PM2.5 emissions generated from regulated stationary sources in the metropolitan area of Costa Rica

This study analyzed the profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in filterable PM2.5 particles collected from a total of 71 boilers and 22 indirect type furnaces that burn liquid and biomass fuels in the Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica, from February 2014 to November 2015. Modified method NIOSH 5506 was used to analyze PAHs content present in the filter samples. The average concentration of PM2.5 showed values between 18 and 735 mg m−3, based on the source and fuel type used, while the total PAHs in the PM2.5 fraction ranged 1.02–592 μgm−3. For biomass boilers, the most abundant species were Benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BghiP) (35.7–46.5%), Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IND) (20.6–27.1%), Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) (5.2–14.7%) and Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DBA) (3.2–13.9%), while for liquid fuels IND (12.8–20.5%), BghiP (7.9–21.2%), Fluoranthene (Flu) (14.5–21.3%) and Pyrene (Pyr) (9.8–14.5%) prevailed. The particles from biomass furnace emissions present higher concentrations of PAHs classified by the U.S. EPA as probable human carcinogens causing a greater health risk than other fuels. Among the diagnostic concentration ratios examined, only BaP/(BaP+Chr), BaA/Chr, BaA/BaP and Pyr/BaP coefficients demonstrated codependency on the type of fuel used.Este estudio analizó los perfiles de hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAP) en partículas filtrables PM2.5 recolectadas de un total de 71 calderas y 22 hornos de tipo indirecto que queman combustibles líquidos y de biomasa en el Área Metropolitana de Costa Rica, de febrero de 2014 a noviembre de 2015 Se utilizó el método modificado NIOSH 5506 para analizar el contenido de PAH presentes en las muestras de filtro. La concentración promedio de PM2.5 mostró valores entre 18 y 735 mg m − 3, según la fuente y el tipo de combustible utilizado, mientras que los PAH totales en la fracción de PM2.5 variaron entre 1.02 y 592 μgm − 3. Para las calderas de biomasa, las especies más abundantes fueron Benzo [g, h, i] perileno (BghiP) (35,7–46,5%), Indeno [1,2,3-cd] pireno (IND) (20,6–27,1%), Benzo [a] pireno (BaP) (5,2–14,7%) y Dibenzo [a, h] antraceno (DBA) (3,2–13,9%), mientras que para los combustibles líquidos IND (12,8–20,5%), BghiP (7,9–21,2%) , Predominaron el fluoranteno (gripe) (14,5–21,3%) y el pireno (Pyr) (9,8–14,5%). Las partículas de las emisiones de los hornos de biomasa presentan concentraciones más altas de HAP clasificados por la EPA de los EE. UU. Como probables carcinógenos humanos y causan un mayor riesgo para la salud que otros combustibles. Entre las relaciones de concentración de diagnóstico examinadas, solo los coeficientes BaP / (BaP + Chr), BaA / Chr, BaA / BaP y Pyr / BaP demostraron codependencia en el tipo de combustible utilizado.Este estudo analisou os perfis de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (PAHs) em partículas filtráveis ​​de PM2,5 coletadas de um total de 71 caldeiras e 22 fornos do tipo indireto que queimam combustíveis líquidos e de biomassa na Área Metropolitana da Costa Rica, de fevereiro de 2014 a novembro de 2015 O método modificado NIOSH 5506 foi usado para analisar o conteúdo de PAHs presentes nas amostras de filtro. A concentração média de PM2,5 apresentou valores entre 18 e 735 mg m − 3, com base na fonte e no tipo de combustível usado, enquanto o total de PAHs na fração PM2,5 variou de 1,02–592 μgm − 3. Para caldeiras de biomassa, as espécies mais abundantes foram Benzo [g, h, i] perileno (BghiP) (35,7-46,5%), Indeno [1,2,3-cd] pireno (IND) (20,6-27,1%), Benzo [a] pireno (BaP) (5,2–14,7%) e Dibenzo [a, h] antraceno (DBA) (3,2–13,9%), enquanto que para combustíveis líquidos IND (12,8–20,5%), BghiP (7,9–21,2%) , Fluoranteno (Flu) (14,5–21,3%) e Pireno (Pyr) (9,8–14,5%) prevaleceram. As partículas das emissões do forno de biomassa apresentam maiores concentrações de PAHs classificados pela U.S. EPA como prováveis ​​carcinógenos humanos, causando um maior risco à saúde do que outros combustíveis. Dentre as razões de concentração diagnósticas examinadas, apenas os coeficientes BaP / (BaP + Chr), BaA / Chr, BaA / BaP e Pyr / BaP demonstraram co-dependência do tipo de combustível utilizado.Universidad Nacional, Costa RicaUniversidad Autónoma Metropolitana, MéxicoEscuela de Ciencias Ambientale

Measurement of Indoor-Outdoor Carbonyls in Three Different Universities Located in the Metropolitan Zone of Mexico Valley during the First Period of Confinements Due to COVID-19

Carbonyl concentrations in indoor-outdoor air were measured at three urban sites in the Metropolitan Zone of Mexico Valley (MZMV) during the first period of confinements due to COVID-19; the exposure for people living in indoor environments was also assessed. Indoor and outdoor samples were simultaneously collected sequentially with Sep-Pack DNPH-Silica cartridges. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde and acrolein were quantified according to the US-EPA TO-11A method. Acrolein and acetone were the most abundant carbonyls in indoor air, with average concentrations of 55.5 µg m−3 and 46.4 µg m−3, respectively, followed by formaldehyde (29.1 µg m−3), acetaldehyde (21.4 µg m−3) and butyraldehyde (7.31 µg m−3). Propionaldehyde was not detected. Acetone was the dominant carbonyl in outdoor samples with an average concentration of 8.4 µg m−3, followed by formaldehyde (2.8 µg m−3) and acetaldehyde (0.7 µg m−3). Butyraldehyde and acrolein were not detected in outdoor air. Indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios showed that indoor sources prevail for most aldehydes. Statistical analysis of simple correlations showed that the measured carbonyls were influenced by the presence of indoor sources. The average cancer risk coefficients (LTCR) for formaldehyde and acetaldehyde and the non-cancer risk coefficients (HQ) for acrolein and formaldehyde were higher than the recommended limits, which should be a cause for public concern