15 research outputs found
Embedded Clusters and the IMF
Despite valiant efforts over nearly five decades, attempts to determine the
IMF over a complete mass range for galactic field stars and in open clusters
have proved difficult. Infrared imaging observations of extremely young
embedded clusters coupled with Monte Carlo modeling of their luminosity
functions are improving this situation and providing important new
contributions to our fundamental knowledge of the IMF and its universality in
both space and time.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures to appear in "The IMF@50", Kluwer Academic Press,
eds. C. Corbelli, F. Palla, & Hans Zinnecke
Cluster Density and the IMF
Observed variations in the IMF are reviewed with an emphasis on environmental
density. The remote field IMF studied in the LMC by several authors is clearly
steeper than most cluster IMFs, which have slopes close to the Salpeter value.
Local field regions of star formation, like Taurus, may have relatively steep
IMFs too. Very dense and massive clusters, like super star clusters, could have
flatter IMFs, or inner-truncated IMFs. We propose that these variations are the
result of three distinct processes during star formation that affect the mass
function in different ways depending on mass range. At solar to intermediate
stellar masses, gas processes involving thermal pressure and supersonic
turbulence determine the basic scale for stellar mass, starting with the
observed pre-stellar condensations, and they define the mass function from
several tenths to several solar masses. Brown dwarfs require extraordinarily
high pressures for fragmentation from the gas, and presumably form inside the
pre-stellar condensations during mutual collisions, secondary fragmentations,
or in disks. High mass stars form in excess of the numbers expected from pure
turbulent fragmentation as pre-stellar condensations coalesce and accrete with
an enhanced gravitational cross section. Variations in the interaction rate,
interaction strength, and accretion rate among the primary fragments formed by
turbulence lead to variations in the relative proportions of brown dwarfs,
solar to intermediate mass stars, and high mass stars.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures, to be published in ``IMF@50: A Fest-Colloquium
in honor of Edwin E. Salpeter,'' held at Abbazia di Spineto, Siena, Italy,
May 16-20, 2004. Kluwer Academic Publishers; edited by E. Corbelli, F. Palla,
and H. Zinnecke
Potentially inappropriate medication use in institutionalized older adults according to the Beers Criteria
UBVRI Light curves of 44 Type Ia supernovae
We present UBVRI photometry of 44 Type la supernovae (SNe la) observed from 1997 to 2001 as part of a continuing monitoring campaign at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. The data set comprises 2190 observations and is the largest homogeneously observed and reduced sample of SNe la to date, nearly doubling the number of well-observed, nearby SNe la with published multicolor CCD light curves. The large sample of [U-band photometry is a unique addition, with important connections to SNe la observed at high redshift. The decline rate of SN la U-band light curves correlates well with the decline rate in other bands, as does the U - B color at maximum light. However, the U-band peak magnitudes show an increased dispersion relative to other bands even after accounting for extinction and decline rate, amounting to an additional âŒ40% intrinsic scatter compared to the B band
What works in preventing unintentional injuries in children and young adolescents? An updated systematic review
Over the past year, we have conducted a multi-faceted program to investigate
the origin and early evolution of brown dwarfs. Using high-resolution Keck
optical spectra of ~30 objects near and below the sub-stellar boundary in
several star-forming regions, we present compelling evidence for a T Tauri-like
accretion phase in young brown dwarfs. Our systematic study of infrared L'-band
(3.8-micron) disk excess in ~50 spectroscopically confirmed young very low mass
objects reveal that a significant fraction of brown dwarfs harbor disks at a
very young age. Their inner disk lifetimes do not appear to be vastly different
from those of disks around T Tauri stars. Taken together, our findings are
consistent with a common origin for most low-mass stars, brown dwarfs and
isolated planetary mass objects.Comment: to appear in proceedings of the conference on "Open Issues in Local
Star Formation and Early Stellar Evolution" held in Ouro Preto, Brazil, 2003
April 5-1
Nearshore Fish Distributions in an Alaskan Estuary in Relation to Stratification, Temperature and Salinity
GOULDâS BELT TO STARBURST GALAXIES: THE IMF OF EXTREME STAR FORMATION
Recent results indicate the stellar initial mass function is not a strong function of starâforming environment or âinitial conditions â (e.g. Meyer et al. 2000). Some studies suggest that a universal IMF may extend to subâstellar masses (see however Briceno et al. 2002). Yet most of this work is confined to starâforming environments within 1 kpc of the Sun. In order to probe the universality of the IMF over a wider range of parameter space (metalicity, ambient pressure, magnetic field strength) new techniques are required. We begin by summarizing our approach to deriving the subâstellar IMF down to the opacityâlimit for fragmentation using NGC 1333 as an example. Next, we describe results from simulations using the observed pointâspread function of the new 6.5m MMT adaptive optics system and examine the confusionâlimited sensitivity to low mass stars in rich starâforming clusters out to 0.5 Mpc. We also present preliminary results from observations with this system of the W51 starâforming complex. Finally, we outline a new technique to estimate the ratio of high to low mass stars in unresolved stellar populations, such as the massive star clusters observed in interacting galaxies (e.g. Mengel et al. 2002). While evidence for variations in the IMF remains inconclusive, new studies are required to rule them out and determine whether or not the IMF is universal over the range of parameter space relevant to starâforming galaxies over cosmic time. 1