Niektóre metody nielegalnego pozyskiwania informacji w rywalizacji konkurencyjnej przedsiębiorstw

W XXI w. informacja stała się kluczowym zasobem gospodarczym - ten, kto ją posiada może ją przekuć w władzę, pieniądze czy sukces rynkowy. Toczy się zatem nieustająca „wojna" o informację. Podobnie jak w przypadku każdego cennego zasobu, tak i w przypadku informacji rodzi się pokusa, by zdobyć j ą za wszelką cenę, bez względu na obowiązujące normy prawne czy też etyczne. Wielu ulega tejże pokusie, zwłaszcza że działając z przekroczeniem norm prawnych i moralnych, można szybko i tanio pozyskać kluczowe informacje zazwyczaj niedostępne na innej drodze. Zamiarem autora nie jest tworzenie przekonania, że podstawową metodą pozyskania informacji w dzisiejszych czasach jest jej kradzież (bądź też inne niezgodne z prawem i etyką metody), bo wierzę, że tak nie jest. Niemniej jednak nielegalne pozyskiwanie informacji jest bardzo ważkim zagadnieniem w dzisiejszym świecie i nie sposób tego tematu zbyć milczeniem. Artykuł stanowi próbę zabrania głosu w tej kwestii. Zostały w nim pokrótce omówione formy, metody i podmioty pozyskujące informacje w sposób nielegalny (działania takie określane są często mianem szpiegostwa gospodarczego bądź też „czarnym" wywiadem gospodarczym).In the 21st century, information has become a key economic resource - those who have information can translate it into power, money or economic success. This results in a continuous "war" for information. As with any valuable resource, there is a temptation to obtain information at any cost, regardless of legal or ethical norms. Many people give in to this temptation, especially since transgressing legal and moral norms can ensure a quick and cheap access to key information usually impossible to obtain in a different manner. It is not the author's intention to create the belief that theft (or other illegal or unethical methods) is the basic method of information gathering in contemporary times because I believe it is not true. However, illegal information gathering is a very important issue in contemporary world and one that cannot be ignored. The paper is an attempt to speak out on this matter. It briefly discusses the forms, methods and subjects that obtain information illegally (such activities are often referred to as economic espionage or 'black' economic intelligence).В XXI в. информация приобрела ключевое экономическое значение - тот, кто её владеет, может её преобразовать во власть, деньги или рыночный успех. Вследствие чего происходит постоянная «война» о получение конфиденциальной информации. Так же, как и в случае каждого иного ценного ресурса, так и в случае информации, появляется искушение, получить её любой ценой, невзирая на действующее правовые и этическое нормы. Многие подчиняются этому искушению, тем более, что действуя с нарушением юридических и моральных норм, можно скоро и дёшево получить важную конфиденциальную информацию. Автор статьи указывает, что сегодня незаконное получение информации является крайне важной проблемой, а методы приобретения конфиденциальный данных не ограничиваются только к краже и иным незаконным способам. В статье вкратце изложено главные формы, методы и субъекты занимающиеся незаконным поиском информации (такие действия часто идентифицируются как экономический шпионаж)

The role of the mobile proton in fucose migration

Fucose migration reactions represent a substantial challenge in the analysis of fucosylated glycan structures by mass spectrometry. In addition to the well-established observation of transposed fucose residues in glycan-dissociation product ions, recent experiments show that the rearrangement can also occur in intact glycan ions. These results suggest a low-energy barrier for migration of the fucose residue and broaden the relevance of fucose migration to include other types of mass spectrometry experiments, including ion mobility-mass spectrometry and ion spectroscopy. In this work, we utilize cold-ion infrared spectroscopy to provide further insight into glycan scrambling in intact glycan ions. Our results show that the mobility of the proton is a prerequisite for the migration reaction. For the prototypical fucosylated glycans Lewis x and blood group antigen H-2, the formation of adduct ions or the addition of functional groups with variable proton affinity yields significant differences in the infrared spectra. These changes correlate well with the promotion or inhibition of fucose migration through the presence or absence of a mobile proton

Pharmacological versus genetic inhibition of heme oxygenase-1 : the comparison of metalloporphyrins, shRNA and CRISPR/Cas9 system

Inhibition of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1, encoded by HMOX1), a cytoprotective, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory enzyme, may serve as a valuable therapy in various pathophysiological processes, including tumorigenesis. We compared the effect of chemical inhibitors - metalloporphyrins, with genetic tools - shRNA and CRISPR/Cas9 systems, to knock-down (KD)/knock-out (KO) HO-1 expression/activity. 293T cells were incubated with metalloporphyrins, tin and zinc protoporphyrins (SnPPIX and ZnPPIX, respectively) or were either transduced with lentiviral vectors encoding different shRNA sequences against HO-1 or were modified by CRISPR/Cas9 system targeting HMOX1. Metalloporphyrins decreased HO activity but concomitantly strongly induced HO-1 mRNA and protein in 293T cells. On the other hand, only slight basal HO-1 inhibition in shRNA KD 293T cell lines was confirmed on mRNA and protein level with no significant effect on enzyme activity. Nevertheless, silencing effect was much stronger when CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-out was performed. Most of the clones harboring mutations within HMOX1 locus did not express HO-1 protein and failed to increase bilirubin concentration after hemin stimulation. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated HO-1 depletion decreased 293T viability, growth, clonogenic potential and increased sensitivity to H2O2 treatment. In summary, we have shown that not all technologies can be used for inhibition of HO activity in vitro with the same efficiency. In our hands, the most potent and comprehensible results can be obtained using genetic tools, especially CRISPR/Cas9 approach

Effect of Variable-Intensity Running Training and Circuit Training on Selected Physiological Parameters of Soccer Players

Proper planning of the training process based on individual LT and AT metabolic thresholds is essential to improve athletic performance. Development of endurance in soccer players is mainly based on continuous runs and variable-intensity runs, supplemented with strength conditioning and sport-specific training. The aim of the study was to analyse selected parameters of physical capacity of soccer players after 8-week variable-intensity running training and circuit training. The experiment was carried out in a group of 34 soccer players aged 21 to 26 years. The athletes were divided into two groups: 17 people in the experimental group and 17 people in the control group. The experimental group was involved in 30-minute tempo runs two times a week for 8 weeks with variable intensity at AT. In the same period, the control group performed two 60-minute continuous runs at the intensity of 70-75%HRmax. The determination of metabolic thresholds used two indirect tests: the multistage shuttle run test (beep test) and maximal lactate steady state test (MLSS) with author's own modification. In order to evaluate maximal heart rate (HRmax), the research procedure was started from the beep test (distance: 20 m). The speed at the first level was 8.5 km/h and increased with each level by 0.5 km/h. Training of the experimental group where variable exercise intensity was used caused a statistically significant increase in HRmax (by 1.9%) and blood lactate levels at the AT (by 20.5%). The training in the experimental group led to the statistically significant (p < 0.05) increase in the parameters of the following variables: HRmax (by 1.9%); lactate level (by 7.85); HR at the AT (by 1,9%); lactate level at the AT (by 20.5%). The assumptions of the experimental training did not cause statistically significant changes in pretest vs. posttest HRmax and blood lactate levels for the LT. Endurance training with high intensity is more effective in soccer players compared to training with moderate intensity. Development of special endurance in soccer should also assume the intensity and method of working similar to the method used during sport competition

Publisher Correction: Unravelling the structure of glycosyl cations via cold-ion infrared spectroscopy

Correction to: Nature Communications https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06764-3; published online 09 October 2018 The original version of this Article contained an error in Fig. 1, in which an oxygen atom was missing from the ‘Acetoxonium type’ structure. The correct version of Fig.

Z zagadnień bezpieczeństwa biznesu

Praca recenzowana / peer-reviewed pape