Hak Masyarakat Adat (Indigenous Peoples) atas Sumberdaya Alam: Perspektif Hukum Internasional

AbstrakSelama dekade terakhir, hukum internasional telah berkembang lebih baik dengan mempertimbangkan hak masyarakat adat atas sumber daya alam yang kemudian memengaruhi hukum berbagai negara. Meskipun demikian, dalam praktiknya, hak masyarakat adat atas sumber daya alam tidak selalu dijamin dan ditegakkan. Selain itu, hak masyarakat adat tersebut kurang mendapatkan pengakuan hukum formal meskipun dalam beberapa tahun terakhir beberapa negara telah mengesahkan undang-undang untuk melindungi hak masyarakat adat atas sumber daya alam. Artikel ini berusaha untuk menganalisis kerangka hukum internasional yang memberikan perlindungan secara memadai terhadap isu-isu tentang hak masyarakat adat atas sumber daya alam. Konvensi ILO 169 telah menetapkan beberapa hak masyarakat adat yang penting, seperti free dan informed consent, consultation, dan compensation. Ketentuan konvensi tentang hak atas sumber daya alam memiliki pengaruh terhadap berbagai negara dalam penyusunan instrumen lainnya. Konvensi juga digunakan sebagai referensi dalam kasus hukum domestik, misalnya di Bolivia, Argentina, Venezuela, dan pengadilan regional. The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indig­enous Peoples (UNDRIP) merupakan dokumen penting bagi pengakuan dan perlindungan hak-hak masyarakat adat di tingkat internasional. Deklarasi ini mengakui hak-hak kolektif, termasuk the right to self-determination dan the right to cultural heritage and intel­lectual property. Referensi tentang hak atas tanah dapat ditemukan di seluruh deklarasi. Pasal 26 merupakan salah satu ketentuan utama. Ketentuan ini memiliki visi yang jauh ke depan, terutama pengakuan bahwa masyarakat adat memiliki hak atas tanah yang mereka miliki secara tradisional dan menguasai sumber daya yang mereka miliki. Berdasarkan Pasal 32, negara berkewajiban menerapkan the free, prior and informed consent dari masyarakat adat sebelum memberikan persetujuan proyek-proyek yang dapat memengaruhi tanah mereka.Kata kunci: hak atas sumber daya alam, hak masyarakat adat, hukum internasional, Konvensi ILO 169, sumber daya alam. The Rights of Indigeneous People over Natural Resources: International Law PerspectivesAbstractOver the past decade, international law has evolved so as to better take into consideration indigenous peoples' natural resources rights and has influenced in many ways the law of numerous states. However, in practice, indigenous peoples' natural resources rights are not always guaranteed and enforced. Furthermore, most of the indigenous peoples lack formal legal recognition of their natural resources rights, although in recent years some states have adopted legislation to secure indigenous peoples' natural resources rights. This article seeks to analyze whether within the framework of international law, a suf­ficient protection to indigenous peoples regarding natural resources rights issues has been provided. ILO Convention 169 entrenches important indigenous peoples' rights such as free and informed consent, consultation and compensation. Its provisions on natural resources rights have had an influence on states and on the drafting of other instruments. The Convention has also been used as a point of reference in domestic case law in regional courts (for example in Bolivia, Argentina, and Venezuela). The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indig­enous Peoples (UNDRIP) represents an important step towards the recognition and protection of indigenous peoples' rights at international level. It acknowledges numerous collective rights, including the right to self-determination and the right to cultural heritage and intel­lectual property. References to land rights can be found throughout the Declaration. Article 26 is one of the key provisions; it is far reaching, especially in recognizing that indigenous peoples have a right over the lands they have traditionally owned and have control over the resources that they possess. It also acknowledges that states must give legal recognition to these lands and that customary land tenure must be respected. Article 32 requires states to obtain the free, prior and informed consent of indigenous peoples before approving projects that can affect their lands.Keywords: rights to natural resources, indigenous peoples rights, international law, ILO Convention 169, natural resources.DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v1n2.a

PENGARUH SUBSTITUSI AGREGAT HALUS DENGAN PASIR LAUT TERHADAP KUAT LENTUR BETON MENGGUNAKAN SEMEN PCC

ABSTRAKPasir laut sebagai salah satu jenis material yang memiliki ketersediaan bahan yang besar, namun secara kualitas masih perlu diteliti lebih lanjut mutu terhadap beton. Pasir laut menjadi pilihan yang banyak digunakan oleh masyarakat pesisir dan kepulauan.Hal ini disebabkan karena sulitnya jangkauan pada sumber atau penambangan pasir sungai. Pemakaian pasir laut ini dikarenakan sumber material yang cukup dekat, sehingga dapat diperoleh dengan mudah.Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh substitusi pasir laut Desa Lama Muda, Aceh Barat Daya sebagai pengganti agregat halus sebanyak 50% dari jumlah fine sand terhadap beton segar yang menggunakan semen PCC sebagai bahan perekat atau pengikat, serta untuk mengetahui perbandingan kuat lentur beton normal dengan beton yang disubstitusikan pasir laut. Pengujian dilakukan pada saat benda uji berumur 7, 14, 28, dan 56 hari dengan menggunakan Faktor Air Semen 0,40 dengan jumlah benda uji 40 buah balok beton yang berukuran 15 x 15 x 60 cm. Masing-masing perlakuan terdiri dari 20 benda uji beton dan 5 buah benda uji untuk setiap variasi umur. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa beton yang menggunakan substitusi 50% pasir laut mempunyai kuat lentur yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan beton normal yang menggunakan agregat pasir sungai. Pada umur 7 hari mengalami penurunan 7,27%, umur 14 hari menurun 9,31%, umur 28 hari menurun 15,34% Mpa, dan umur 56 hari menurun 17,33%. Dari hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa pasir laut cenderung menurunkan beton di karenakan luas permukaan pasir laut yang di tutupi mortar lebih besar dari pada pasir sungai.Kata Kunci : Pasir Laut, Pasir Sungai, Kuat Lentu

Dual Axes Solar Tracker

Photovoltaic (PV) is one of the most important sources of renewable energy in the world. Its current efficiency could be increased up to 60% by using dual axes solar tracker, which maximise PV exposure to sun. The most important component in dual axes solar tracker is sensing location of the sun. Four light dependent resistors (LDR) are used as the sensors, connected to potentiometers to increase their accuracy. Arduino UNO is used as the controller to control two stepper motors. Two experiments have been carried out, where the tolerance of the LDR has been found to be 0.05V and the calibration of the four LDRs to have the error of 0.03V. Both experiments proved the capability of LDR for dual axes solar tracker and potentiometer to increase their accuracy

Perceived Financial Threat and Psychological Effects on Working Adults in Sarawak During Lockdown for COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: The emergence of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) led to the implementation of special mea-sures such as the Movement Control Order (MCO), which in return had caused economic disturbances and psycho-logical effects across many countries over the globe. Objective: Our study aims to determine the perceived financial threat and its predictors, the relationship with psychological outcomes on working adults’ populations in Sarawak during lockdown for the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodsology: We recruited 336 respondents from all divisions in Sarawak through an online survey with sociodemographic data, questionnaires were adapted from the Financial Threat Scale (FTS) to assess the perceived financial threat, and the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales 21 (DASS-21) to evaluate the psychological impact of lockdown implementation. IBM SPSS version 23.0 was used for data analysis. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The analysis revealed that the employment sector, number of children, and change in income during lockdown were important predictors associated with the per-ceived financial threat. 47.9% of the respondents perceived a moderate-to-severe financial threat. Of these, 72.6% were self-employed, 54.6% were without children and 60.0% had experienced decreased in income during the lockdown. Several factors were identified to be significantly associated with the negative psychological outcomes, namely employment sector, marital status, number of children, and number of liabilities. Generally, a severe per-ceived financial threat was significantly associated with severe levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. Conclusion: There is an urgency to develop strategic plans and policies to provide economic and psychological support for the communities affected by the lockdown and COVID-19 disease

Characterization of reduced graphene oxide/activated carbon-based electrode containing mixing CMC-SBR binder and application in supercapacitor

In this work, variation of mixing a combination of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) as both used as the binder in the electrode has been studied. The purpose of using CMC-SBR as the binder in the electrode is to achieve a high supercapacitor performance. The electrode preparation has been carried out by mixing the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and activated carbon (AC) in a blender. The binder preparation started by dissolving the CMC and SBR in the deionized water using a clean glass container. Then, rGO/AC has been stirred with the CMC-SBR for 60 minutes until a homogenous slurry formed. All electrodes have been characterized with Raman spectroscopy. The electrochemical tests such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) for all electrode compositions were performed. The electrode with 4:6 (in weight percentage) of CMC-SBR shows the highest specific capacitance (Csp) of 59.65 F g-1 (CV scan rate of 1 mV s-1) and 12.82 F g-1 from GCD test. This confirmed that the electrode containing 4 wt.% of CMC and 6 wt.% of SBR resulting in the best composition, which is reliable and practical for the supercapacitor application

Cyclic Voltammetry And Galvanostatic Charge-Discharge Analyses Of Polyaniline/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Based Supercapacitor

Super capacitor is an energy device that is applicable in numerous fields because of its excellent reversibility, long life and high power density. Nevertheless, its universal use is restricted by the reduced energy storage capacity and its high crossed series compared to batteries. Even with the relatively high-level output and extensive use of super capacitor, there is still substantial doubt and ambiguity as to their efficiency in general, especially when it is compared to lithium-ion batteries. The inconsistencies are attributable both to the lack of standardization of the test methods and to the certainty of the strength capacity of the super capacitor after their resistance has been identified. Therefore, in this work, graphene oxide (GO) and polyaniline(PANI)nanocomposite supercapacitor electrode was fabricated and the performance was investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge analyses. GOwas synthesized using improve Hummers method and PANI using oxidative polymerization chemical synthesis. Three different electrode’s compositions were prepared using PANI/GO nano composite and labelled as PGO30, PGO50 and PGO70. This article will conclude the electrochemical performance of the electrode. From the results, it was found that PGO50electrode(50% PANI/50% GO) hasthe best calculated capacitance with 19.71 F/g compared to the other composite electrodes. This may be attributed from the good electrical conductivity distribution of PANI and graphene oxide. The findings of the work may significantly drive the future of supercapacitor electrode from nanocomposite related materials

Hambatan Eksekusi Putusan Hakim dalam Perkara Jinayah pada Mahkamah Syar’iyah Bireuen

ABSTRACT: The existence and authority Syar'iyah Courts regulated in Qanun Number 10 of 2002 on the Islamic Syari'ah Courts. Since the Year 2007 to Year 2010, the Syar’iyah Court Bireun has examined on jinayah case as many as 27 cases. Although the Court's decision in the case already have permanent legal force, yet one of the case is conducted or executed by the State Attorney Bireun. The results showed that there are some things that cause no or not execution judgement of judge Syar'iyah Court  Bireun, Syar'iyah Court Bireun and the State Attorney Bireun have no special budget to carry out additional tasks as implementing agencies in the implementation of Islamic Law in Aceh, Qanun Aceh does not give authority to the institutions of law enforcement to make arrests of suspects, accused and convicted in the case jinayah.  The Constraints of Execution on the Conviction of Syariah Law Case Held by Syar’iyah Court Bireue

Perlindungan Hak Masyarakat Hukum Adat dalam Kegiatan REDD+

ABSTRAK: Pemberlakuan REDD+ telah mengundang perhatian yang besar sebagai cara yang bias meningkatkan dukungan terhadap kegiatan pengawas hutan dari penduduk yang tinggal di area hutan. Keuntungan yang potensial dalam kaitannya dengan program REDD+ termasuk penguatan lahan masyarakat dan hak hak mereka, penguatan institusi masyarakat dan peningkatan pendapatan mereka melalui pembagian keuntungan. Pada waktu yang sama, REDD+ telah memacu perhatian mengenai kemungkinan dari penolakan hak masyarakat adat dan masyarakat setempat, termasuk pembatasan pada lahan dan hak hak, peningkatan pengelolaan hutan secara terpusat dan ketidakadilan pembagian keuntungan.  Protection of The Rights of Indigenous Peoples in REDD+ Activities ABSTRACT: The emergence of REDD+ has generated great interest as a possible way to increase support for the forest stewardship activities of indigenous peoples and local communities. Potential benefits associated with REDD+ initiatives include strengthening of community land and resource rights, empowerment of community institutions and increased income through benefit sharing. At the same time, REDD+ has sparked concern about possible adverse impacts on indigenous and com­munity rights and livelihoods, including restrictions on land and resource rights, increased centralization of forest management, and inequitable benefit sharing

Alih Fungsi Ekosistem Hutan Manggrove di Kabupaten Aceh Tamiang

ABSTRACT: Protection against forest ecosystem conservation in Aceh Tamiang manggrove decreased. This can be seen from the policy of land conversion in the forest ecosystem manggrove. Local governments have issued policies on the conversion of mangrove forest ecosystems that are not in accordance with its provisions, the conversion of the ecosystem of the mangrove forest to plantations. In addition, the exploitation of the mangrove forest by the community to the needs of charcoal that has lasted a long time and generations as well as land clearing for aquaculture ponds also cause damage to mangrove ecosystems. The conversion of mangrove forests has led to the effect that should be shouldered by the public, which reduced the catch of fishermen, the pollution of mangrove forest ecosystems.    The Convertion of Mangrove Forest Ecosystem  in Aceh Tamiang Distric