Factores relacionados con el inicio en el consumo de tabaco en alumnos de Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria

Objective: To study the prevalence of smoking in students of Secondary Education at IES "The Valley" and the factors that lead to the first use of snuff.Methods: Cross-sectional study on a sample of 123 students obtained through convenience sampling. The information was collected by a self-administered questionnaire that included variables of age, sex, family socioeconomic status, characteristics of tobacco use among adolescents, knowledge about snuff and parental attitudes.Results: The prevalence of snuff stood at 42%, of which 48% are regular smokers. Are confirmed as risks factors for the initial use of snuff the existence of smoking sibilings and a good friend who does too. Other variables such as the absence of a parent, parental smoking, educational level and parental occupation, physical activity and attendance at festivals could not be defined as risk factors due to insufficient sample size.Conclusions: The prevalence of smokers was similar to that obtained in other studies with similar characteristics. Smoking prevention should focus on the family and the adolescent environment.Objetivo: Estudiar la prevalencia del hábito tabáquico en los estudiantes de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria del IES “El Valle” y los factores relacionados con el inicio del consumo de tabaco.Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal sobre una muestra de 123 alumnos obtenida mediante muestreo por conveniencia. La información fue recogida mediante un cuestionario autoadministrable que incluía variables de edad, sexo, nivel socioeconómico de la familia, características del hábito tabáquico en adolescentes, conocimientos acerca del tabaco y actitud de los padres.Resultados: La prevalencia del tabaco se situó en un 42% de los alumnos, de los cuales un 48% son fumadores habituales. Se confirman como factores de riesgo para el inicio en el consumo de tabaco la existencia de hermanos que fumen y de un mejor amigo que también lo haga. Otras variables como la ausencia de alguno de los padres, padres fumadores, nivel académico y laboral de los padres, actividad física y concurrencia a fiestas no han podido ser definidas como factores de riesgo debido, probablemente, a un tamaño de muestra insuficiente.Conclusiones: La prevalencia de fumadores es similar a la obtenida en otros estudios con parecidas características. La prevención del tabaquismo debe centrarse en la familia y el entorno del adolescente

Conocimientos y actitudes sobre sexualidad en adolescentes de primer curso de Grado en Educación Infantil y Primaria de la Universidad de Jaén

Introduction: Both teen pregnancy and the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in this population is a health problem of great importance. Framing adolescent and sexuality, studies indicate high frequencies in risky behaviours and poor knowledge about contraception and sexually transmitted diseases.Objective: To describe the knowledge and attitudes about adolescent sexuality of First Degree in Education at University of Jaén.Method: The information was collected through an anonymous, voluntary, self-administered questionnaire, which was applied to a non-random convenience sample of 151 subjects First Degree in Early Childhood and Primary at the University of Jaén.Results: 118 reported having had sex with penetration, being these significant differences between girls and boys (p = .034), as well as for masturbation regarding sex (96% men vs. 19% women). They are the women who practice more fellatio (p = .031), but these sexual practices are carried out with partner (p = .01), boys are who have higher alcohol consumption prior to intercourse (p =. 021) and higher number of sexual partners (p = .026). They are still women who identify, greater proportion, the papilloma as STD (p = .02). And 27.7% is who known dual method of contraception.Conclusions: Three quarters of the sample had sex, and most have sex in the currently, using contraception to prevent pregnancy. Rating this together with a deficit of knowledge of the dual method contraceptive (a quarter of the total) and sexually transmitted infections, leads us to think that is necessary sex education for these teens.Objetivo: Conocer los conocimientos y actitudes sobre sexualidad en los adolescentes de primero de Grado en Educación de la Universidad de Jaén.Material y Método: Los datos se recogieron a través de un cuestionario anónimo, voluntario y autocumplimentado, el cual se aplicó a una muestra no probabilística por conveniencia de 151 sujetos estudiantes de primer curso de Grado en Educación Infantil y Primaria de la Universidad de Jaén.Resultados: 118 manifiestan haber mantenido relaciones sexuales con penetración, siendo estas diferencias significativas entre chicas y chicos (p=.034), al igual que para la masturbación en cuanto al sexo (96% de los hombres frente a 19% de las mujeres). También son las mujeres las que practican más el fellatio (p=.031), pero estas prácticas sexuales las realizan con la pareja (p=.01), siendo los chicos los que presentan mayor consumo de alcohol previo al coito (p=.021) y mayor número de parejas sexuales (p=.026). Siguen siendo ellas las que identifican en mayor proporción el papiloma como ITS (p=.02). Y el 27,7% del total conocen el doble método anticonceptivo.Conclusión: Tres cuartas partes de la muestra han mantenido relaciones coitales haciendo uso de anticonceptivos para evitar el embarazo. Valorando esto junto con un escaso conocimiento del doble método (una cuarta parte del total) y de las infecciones de transmisión sexual, nos lleva a pensar como materia necesaria la educación sexual para estos adolescentes

EFICÁCIA DAS MULHERES ALEITAMENTO MATERNO EM MARRÃS MADRID.

The aim of this work is to study the knowledge of first time mothers about breastfeeding, to assess its efficacy and to analyze differences depending on various sociodemographic factors. It was carried out a cross-sectional descriptive study on 97 women through non-probability convenience sampling. A previously validated questionnaire was used, with sociodemographic questions and 14 items on the efficacy of breastfeeding and five possible answers for each item. A descriptive analysis of the sample was performed to subsequently carry out a bivariate analysis. The mean age was 31.9 years, 81.4% were married and 22.7% had no education. 67% of the mothers studied were of Spanish nationality. Significant differences regarding nationality, level of studies and marital status were found. It was concluded that the efficacy of breastfeeding in the study sample is generally lacking. First time mothers do not feel able to carry out the circumstances proposed to them.El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar los conocimientos de mujeres primerizas acerca de la lactancia materna, así como valorar la autoeficacia de ésta y analizar las diferencias en función de diversos factores sociodemográficos. Para ello se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo transversal sobre 97 mujeres, mediante muestreo no probabilístico de conveniencia. Se utilizó un cuestionario previamente validado con preguntas sociodemográficas y 14 ítems sobre la autoeficacia de la lactancia materna, con cinco opciones de respuesta para cada ítem. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de la muestra para, posteriormente, llevar a cabo un análisis bivariante. La media de edad fue de 31,9 años; un 81,4% estaban casadas y un 22,7% no tenían estudios. Un 67% de las madres estudiadas fueron de nacionalidad española. Se encontraron diferencias significativas referidas a la nacionalidad, al estado civil y al nivel de estudios de la mujer. Se concluyó que la autoeficacia de la lactancia materna en la muestra estudiada es, en general, deficitaria. Las mujeres primerizas no se sienten capacitadas para llevar a cabo las circunstancias que se les propone.O objetivo deste estudo é estudar o conhecimento das mulheres gilts sobre amamentação, e para avaliar a eficácia deste e analisar diferenças dependendo de vários fatores sociodemográficos. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo transversal em 97 mulheres por meio de amostragem por conveniência não probabilística. previamente validado questionário com questões demográficas e 14 itens sobre a eficácia da amamentação, com Foram utilizados cinco opções de resposta para cada item. A análise descritiva da amostra foi realizado para levar posteriormente a uma análise bivariada. A idade média foi de 31,9 anos, 81,4% eram casados e 22,7% não tinham estudos. 67% das mães estudadas eram de nacionalidade espanhola. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas em relação à nacionalidade, nível de estudos e estado civil. Concluiu-se que a eficácia da amamentação na amostra do estudo é geralmente falta. Gilts as mulheres não se sentem capacitados para realizar as circunstâncias que lhes são propostas

GESTÃO DO CONHECIMENTO E PRODUTOS DERIVADOS DO SANGUE UM GRUPO DE ENFERMAGEM DO HOSPITAL PROFISSIONAL DE MA

Blood transfusion is a common practice in the hospital setting in which the role of nursing is essential, specific knowledge being necessary to avoid risks and complications. The aim of this work was to study the knowledge and management on blood products with a group of nurses on blood products. To do this, we conducted a cross-sectional study using a previously validated questionnaire with 25 items and two possible answers to each question. The questionnaire included questions on pre and post transfusion knowledge as well as several actions to take during the technique in the case of complications. The average age of the sample was 45.23 years, with 45% o them men. 44.4% worked in rotating shifts, 68.3% had temporary contracts and 22.8% had specific training in blood products. A descriptive analysis of the data was performed, and also a bivariate analysis that found significant differences based on gender, type of contract, professional experience and specific training. In general, knowledge of blood products is acceptable, although there are some shortcomings that should be remedied.La transfusión de sangre es una práctica frecuente en el ámbito hospitalario en la que el papel de Enfermería es fundamental, siendo necesarios conocimientos específicos para evitar riesgos y complicaciones. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar los conocimientos y el manejo que tienen un grupo de enfermeras sobre productos hemoderivados. Para ello, se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo transversal mediante un cuestionario previamente validado, con 25 ítems y dos opciones de respuesta para cada pregunta. El cuestionario recogía cuestiones sobre conocimientos pre y post transfusionales, así como durante la técnica y en el caso de complicaciones. La media de edad de la muestra fue de 45,23 años, siendo el 45% hombres. El 44,4% trabajaba en turno rotatorio, el 68,3% tenía contrato eventual y el 22,8% tenía formación específica en hemoderivados. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los datos, así como un análisis bivariante en el que se encontraron diferencias significativas en función del sexo, del tipo de contrato, de la experiencia profesional y de la formación específica. En general, los conocimientos sobre hemoderivados son aceptables, aunque existen algunas deficiencias que deberían de ser subsanadas.A transfusão de sangue é uma prática comum no ambiente hospitalar em que o papel da enfermagem é essencial o conhecimento, específica seja necessária para evitar riscos e complicações. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de estudar o conhecimento e gestão com um grupo de enfermeiros sobre produtos derivados do sangue. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo transversal, utilizando questionário previamente validado com 25 itens e duas respostas possíveis a cada pergunta. O questionário incluiu perguntas sobre pré e pós conhecimento transfusão, bem como durante a técnica e, no caso de complicações. A idade média da amostra foi de 45.23 anos, com 45% dos homens. 44,4% trabalhavam em Rota, 68,3% tinham contratos temporá- rios e 22,8% tinham formação específica em produtos sanguí- neos. A análise descritiva dos dados foi realizada, e uma análise bivariada que encontraram diferenças significativas com base no sexo, tipo de contrato, experiência profissional e formação específica. Em geral, o conhecimento de produtos sanguíneos são aceitáveis, embora existam algumas deficiências que devem ser colmatadas

Sub-400 nm film thickness determination from transmission spectra in organic distributed feedback lasers fabrication

The design and fabrication of thin-film based organic optoelectronic devices require knowledge of the film optical properties. A low-cost and non-destructive method often used for optical characterization of films is the well-established spectrophotometric envelope method. However, this method is typically limited to thickness above 400 nm, a value often higher than that of the films involved in these devices. This paper studies a procedure to obtain the thickness of sub-400 nm active films from their spectrophotometric trace when the refractive index is previously known. The proposed procedure is based on comparing the experimental transmission spectrum in the transparent spectral window with that obtained by simulation. The capabilities of the proposed method are demonstrated here by its application in the fabrication of organic distributed feedback lasers, for which a fine control of film thickness is important to obtain an optimized and reproducible response. Results are verified with other techniques, such as ellipsometry and profilometry. Thus, with the proposed method, film thickness can be easily determined down to 40 nm maintaining an accuracy of about 5 nm even for films with low refractive index (1.5–1.7). Different methods to determine refractive index of these films are also discussed.Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity (MINECO) and European Community (FEDER) through grant no. MAT2015-66586-R

Synthesis of Bioctacene‐Incorporated Nanographene with Near‐Infrared Chiroptical Properties

We report the synthesis of a hexabenzoperihexacene (HBPH) with two incorporated octacene substructures, which was unambiguously characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The theoretical isomerization barrier of the (P,P)-/(P,M)-forms was estimated to be 38.4 kcal mol−1, and resolution was achieved by chiral HPLC. Notably, the enantiomers exhibited opposite circular dichroism responses up to the near-infrared (NIR) region (830 nm) with a high gabs value of 0.017 at 616 nm. Moreover, HBPH demonstrated NIR emission with a maximum at 798 nm and an absolute PLQY of 41 %. The excited-state photophysical properties of HBPH were investigated by ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy, revealing an intriguing feature that was attributed to the rotational and/or conformational dynamics of HBPH after excitation. These results provide new insight into the design of chiral nanographene with NIR optical properties for potential chiroptical applications.journal articl

Cove‐Edged Nanographenes with Localized Double Bonds

The efficient synthesis and electronic properties of two large‐size cove‐edged nanographenes (NGs), CN1 and CN2, are presented. X‐ray crystallographic analysis reveals a contorted backbone for both molecules owing to the steric repulsion at the inner cove position. Noticeably, the dominant structures of these molecules contain four (for CN1) or six (for CN2) localized C=C double bonds embedded in nine (for CN1) or twelve (for CN2) aromatic sextet rings according to Clar's formula, which is supported by bond length analysis and theoretical (NICS, ACID) calculations. Furthermore, Raman spectra exhibit a band associated with the longitudinal CC stretching mode of olefinic double bonds. Owing to the existence of the additional olefinic bonds, both compounds show a small band gap (1.84 eV for CN1 and 1.37 eV for CN2). They also display moderate fluorescence quantum yield (35 % for CN1 and 50 % for CN2) owing to the contorted geometry, which can suppress aggregation in solution.J.W. acknowleges financial support from the MOE Tier 3 programme (MOE2014-T3-1-004) and NRF Investigatorship (NRF-NRFI05-2019-0005). J.C. acknowledges MINECO and Junta de Andalucía of Spain projects (PGC2018-098533-BI00 and UMA18FEDERJA057). M.A.D.-G. and R.M.-M. thank support from MINECO through the research project MAT2015-66586-R and the FPI fellowship (no. BES-2016-077681), respectively

Meet OLAF, a Good Friend of the IAPS! The Open Library of Affective Foods: A Tool to Investigate the Emotional Impact of Food in Adolescents

Datos del estudio disponibles en: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10202In the last decades, food pictures have been repeatedly employed to investigate the emotional impact of food on healthy participants as well as individuals who suffer from eating disorders and obesity. However, despite their widespread use, food pictures are typically selected according to each researcher's personal criteria, which make it difficult to reliably select food images and to compare results across different studies and laboratories. Therefore, to study affective reactions to food, it becomes pivotal to identify the emotional impact of specific food images based on wider samples of individuals. In the present paper we introduce the Open Library of Affective Foods (OLAF), which is a set of original food pictures created to reliably select food pictures based on the emotions they prompt, as indicated by affective ratings of valence, arousal, and dominance and by an additional food craving scale. OLAF images were designed to allow simultaneous use with affective images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS), which is a well-known instrument to investigate emotional reactions in the laboratory. The ultimate goal of the OLAF is to contribute to understanding how food is emotionally processed in healthy individuals and in patients who suffer from eating and weight-related disorders. The present normative data, which was based on a large sample of an adolescent population, indicate that when viewing affective non-food IAPS images, valence, arousal, and dominance ratings were in line with expected patterns based on previous emotion research. Moreover, when viewing food pictures, affective and food craving ratings were consistent with research on food cue processing. As a whole, the data supported the methodological and theoretical reliability of the OLAF ratings, therefore providing researchers with a standardized tool to reliably investigate the emotional and motivational significance of food.This research was funded by a grant from Junta de Andalucía (Spain) to MCFS (grant code P12.SEJ.391). (http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/servicios​/ayudas/detalle/69962.html; Convocatoria 2012

Simultaneous Determination of Refractive Index and Thickness of Submicron Optical Polymer Films from Transmission Spectra

High-transparency polymers, called optical polymers (OPs), are used in many thin-film devices, for which the knowledge of film thickness (h) and refractive index (n) is generally required. Spectrophotometry is a cost-effective, simple and fast non-destructive method often used to determine these parameters simultaneously, but its application is limited to films where h > 500 nm. Here, a simple spectrophotometric method is reported to obtain simultaneously the n and h of a sub-micron OP film (down to values of a few tenths of a nm) from its transmission spectrum. The method is valid for any OP where the n dispersion curve follows a two-coefficient Cauchy function and complies with a certain equation involving n at two different wavelengths. Remarkably, such an equation is determined through the analysis of n data for a wide set of commercial OPs, and its general validity is demonstrated. Films of various OPs (pristine or doped with fluorescent compounds), typically used in applications such as thin-film organic lasers, are prepared, and n and h are simultaneously determined with the proposed procedure. The success of the method is confirmed with variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry.Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity (MINECO) and European Community (FEDER) through grant no. MAT2015-66586-R

Influence of Blending Ratio and Polymer Matrix on the Lasing Properties of Perylenediimide Dyes

Perylenediimide (PDI) dyes dispersed in polymer films have demonstrated great success as active materials in thin-film organic lasers (TFOLs). The type of matrix used to host the dye and the dye doping rate are both crucial parameters to optimize laser performance. This work reports the study of two soluble PDIs, the comercial derivative perylene orange (PDI-O) emitting at around 580 nm, and a new dye (b-PDI-A) with substituents at the 1,7 bay positions of the PDI core emitting at around 620 nm, dispersed at different doping levels (up to 8 and 50 wt %, for PDI-O and b-PDI-A, respectively) in two widely used polymers for optoelectronics, polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The main goal is to determine which of these two polymers, and at which dye concentration, provides the best results for their use in TFOLs. The assessment of the active materials has been carried out through the analysis of their absorption, photoluminescence, and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) properties. Their capability to form high-quality optical waveguides has also been studied by determining gain coefficients and waveguide losses. Results have shown that for both types of PDI derivatives PS is better than PMMA at any concentration, which means larger photoluminescence efficiency, lower ASE thresholds, longer ASE operational lifetimes, larger gain, and lower propagation waveguide losses. In addition, the onset concentration at which dye aggregation becomes significant as to negatively affect the optical properties is lower in PMMA than in PS; thus, the larger the blending ratio, the larger the superiority of PS with respect to PMMA is.Financial support from Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) and the European FEDER funds through Grants MAT2015-66586-R and CTQ2016-77039-R (AEI/FEDER, UE) is gratefully acknowledged. R.M-M is supported by a MINECO FPI contract (no. BES-2016-077681). M.A.D-G acknowledges support from the University of Alicante and to the Spanish Ministry of Education (grant no. PR2015-00390) to perform a sabbatical stay at UCSB