COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Grid Approaches for Managerial Leadership in Nursing

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Theory and Practice of Human Relations Training

This brochure describes a development of mental health significance.For several years the Hogg Foundation provided travel fellowshipsto enable staff members of the University of Texas and of other agencies to take part in the National Training Laboratory in GroupDevelopment at Bethel, Maine. The Lemuel Scarbrough Foundation and the Hogg Foundation have made initial grants to the group which has organized the Southwestern Human Relations Laboratory, whose sessions will be held each summer in one of the three cooperating states, Colorado, Kansas, and Texas. The Human Relations Training Laboratory is jointly sponsored by The University of Texas, the University of Colorado, Southern Methodist University, and Kansas State College. Two participants in the development of the Southwest Laboratory have prepared the material for this publication. They are Dr. Robert R. Blake, Associate Professor of Psychology, University of Texas, and Mrs. Jane S. Mouton of the Department of Psychology, University of Texas. The Foundation is glad to call this publication to the attention of persons who are interested in learning more about the nature of a human relations laboratory. The statements contained in this publication are of course the ideas and responsibility of the authors.Hogg Foundation for Mental Healt

Reactions to Intergroup Competition Under Win-Lose Conditions

Findings from investigations concerning the dynamics of intergroup competition under win-lose conditions are summarized first. The second step is to demonstrate, by presenting a synopsis of a real case, how these findings can be applied in converting a situation of management-union conflict into one of collaboration. The conclusion is that the industrial ethic which causes groups to interact with one another on a competitive win-lose basis, must and can be replaced by the new ethic which makes it possible for groups to approach their differences in points of view from a problem-solving orientation based on openness and reinforced by mutual respect and trust.

Mouton (Jane Srygley).

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