Violencia Institucional: La toma de control de los municipios por los protestantes en el sur de Francia (1560-1562)

Based on a close and detailed investigation of local and strangely neglected municipal sources, combined with the meticulous scrutiny of documents conserved in the Russian archives for the period 1559-1562, and a focus on institutional history, I demonstrate how the early Calvinistic consistories cleverly manipulated the particular municipal organization (the consulates) of Midi communities and managed to take them over with relative ease. In many of these communities, which greatly varied in size, we find that the consistories were turned into “political councils”; this subsequently enabled them to control the election of magistrates (consuls) and, even before the beginning of the wars of Religion, to ensure that they controlled the municipalities, though the Protestants were very much a minority. This is a major factor towards explaining the famous “Protestant crescent” that characterizes the South of France with its tones of civil religion.Este artículo tiene como objetivo demostrar cómo los consistorios calvinistas, en su primera época, supieron manipular de manera inteligente una forma concreta de organización municipal de los pueblos del sur de Francia, los consulados, lo que les permitió hacerse con el poder municipal con relativa facilidad. Para ello se realiza un análisis minucioso y detallado de fuentes locales que han sido extrañamente marginadas, combinando dicha información con el escrutinio de los documentos conservados en los archivos rusos para el periodo 1559-1562, aplicando una perspectiva de la historia institucional. En muchas de las comunidades analizadas, las cuales varían enormemente en tamaño, encontramos que los consistorios se convirtieron en “consejos políticos”. Esta transformación permitió a la pequeña minoría protestante controlar la elección de magistrados locales (cónsules) y asegurar con ello el control de los municipios antes incluso de que estallaran las guerras de religión. Este factor es fundamental para entender la famosa “medial luna protestante” que se expandió por el sur de Francia y sus discursos de religión cívica

Search for gravitational-lensing signatures in the full third observing run of the LIGO-Virgo network

Gravitational lensing by massive objects along the line of sight to the source causes distortions of gravitational wave-signals; such distortions may reveal information about fundamental physics, cosmology and astrophysics. In this work, we have extended the search for lensing signatures to all binary black hole events from the third observing run of the LIGO--Virgo network. We search for repeated signals from strong lensing by 1) performing targeted searches for subthreshold signals, 2) calculating the degree of overlap amongst the intrinsic parameters and sky location of pairs of signals, 3) comparing the similarities of the spectrograms amongst pairs of signals, and 4) performing dual-signal Bayesian analysis that takes into account selection effects and astrophysical knowledge. We also search for distortions to the gravitational waveform caused by 1) frequency-independent phase shifts in strongly lensed images, and 2) frequency-dependent modulation of the amplitude and phase due to point masses. None of these searches yields significant evidence for lensing. Finally, we use the non-detection of gravitational-wave lensing to constrain the lensing rate based on the latest merger-rate estimates and the fraction of dark matter composed of compact objects

Search for eccentric black hole coalescences during the third observing run of LIGO and Virgo

Despite the growing number of confident binary black hole coalescences observed through gravitational waves so far, the astrophysical origin of these binaries remains uncertain. Orbital eccentricity is one of the clearest tracers of binary formation channels. Identifying binary eccentricity, however, remains challenging due to the limited availability of gravitational waveforms that include effects of eccentricity. Here, we present observational results for a waveform-independent search sensitive to eccentric black hole coalescences, covering the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO and Virgo detectors. We identified no new high-significance candidates beyond those that were already identified with searches focusing on quasi-circular binaries. We determine the sensitivity of our search to high-mass (total mass M>70 M⊙) binaries covering eccentricities up to 0.3 at 15 Hz orbital frequency, and use this to compare model predictions to search results. Assuming all detections are indeed quasi-circular, for our fiducial population model, we place an upper limit for the merger rate density of high-mass binaries with eccentricities 0<e≤0.3 at 0.33 Gpc−3 yr−1 at 90\% confidence level

Ultralight vector dark matter search using data from the KAGRA O3GK run

Among the various candidates for dark matter (DM), ultralight vector DM can be probed by laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors through the measurement of oscillating length changes in the arm cavities. In this context, KAGRA has a unique feature due to differing compositions of its mirrors, enhancing the signal of vector DM in the length change in the auxiliary channels. Here we present the result of a search for U(1)B−L gauge boson DM using the KAGRA data from auxiliary length channels during the first joint observation run together with GEO600. By applying our search pipeline, which takes into account the stochastic nature of ultralight DM, upper bounds on the coupling strength between the U(1)B−L gauge boson and ordinary matter are obtained for a range of DM masses. While our constraints are less stringent than those derived from previous experiments, this study demonstrates the applicability of our method to the lower-mass vector DM search, which is made difficult in this measurement by the short observation time compared to the auto-correlation time scale of DM

Analyse de la sensibilité du détecteur d'ondes gravitationnelles Virgo

Le détecteur d'ondes gravitationnelles Virgo est un interféromètre laser dont les bras font trois kilomètres de long. Cet interféromètre est actuellement dans une phase de réglages et d'ajustements ayant pour but d'amener l'instrument à sa sensibilité nominale. Il est pour cela nécessaire de réduire les bruits instrumentaux qui limitent la sensibilité pendant cette phase. Le travail décrit dans ce mémoire est consacré à l'analyse des bruits instrumentaux. Une description des bruits que l'on sait susceptibles de limiter la sensibilité de l'interféromètre est d'abord présentée, ainsi que leur mécanisme de propagation. La méthode ayant permis d'analyser les bruits instrumentaux est ensuite exposée. Elle consiste tout d'abord à identifier les sources de bruit potentielles par la recherche de cohérence entre les signaux de l'interféromètre. Il est ensuite utile de comprendre le mécanisme par lequel ces bruits se propagent dans l'interféromètre en élaborant des modèles analytiques. Cette analyse, appliquée aux données de l'interféromètre, a été complétée par des études utilisant une simulation du détecteur. Entre fin 2003 et fin 2005, les progrès de la mise en route de Virgo ont été ponctués par sept prises de données techniques, qui ont permis de vérifier l'évolution des performances du détecteur. Les résultats de l'analyse des bruits limitant la sensibilité de l'interféromètre au cours de chacune de ces prises de données techniques sont présentés dans ce mémoire. L'impact des améliorations techniques apportées à l'interféromètre pour éliminer l'effet de ces bruits est également discuté.The Virgo detector for gravitational waves is a laser interferometer with arms which are 3 km long. This interferometer is at present in its commissioning phase whose goal is to reach the Virgo nominal sensitivity. To this purpose it is necessary to reduce the technical noises which are limiting the sensitivity during this phase. The work described in this thesis focuses on the analysis of technical noises. The noises which are known to be likely to limit the sensitivity are first described and their propagation mechanism is also explained. The method used to analyse the technical noises is then presented. It first consists in identifying the possible noise sources by looking for coherence between the interferometer signals. Then it is useful to understand how the noise propagates into the interferometer. This is done by building analytical models of propagation. Some studies based on a simulation of the detector have been added to the analysis of interferometer data. Between the end of 2003 and the end of 2005, the advance of the commissioning has been punctuated with seven technical data taking periods, performed in order to check the evolution of the detector performance. The analysis of the noises limiting the interferometer sensitivity for each of these data taking is presented in this thesis. The impact of the technical upgrades implemented on the interferometer to suppress the effect of these noises is also discussed.CHAMBERY -BU Bourget (730512101) / SudocSTRASBOURG-Bib.Central Recherche (674822133) / SudocSudocFranceF

Prélude à l'analyse des données du détecteur Virgo

CHAMBERY -BU Bourget (730512101) / SudocSTRASBOURG-Bib.Central Recherche (674822133) / SudocSudocFranceF

Analyse de la sensibilité du détecteur d'ondes gravitationnelles Virgo

Le détecteur d'ondes gravitationnelles Virgo est un interféromètre laser dont les bras font trois kilomètres de long. Cet interféromètre est actuellement dans une phase de réglages et d'ajustements ayant pour but d'amener l'instrument à sa sensibilité nominale. Il est pour cela nécessaire de réduire les bruits instrumentaux qui limitent la sensibilité pendant cette phase. Le travail décrit dans ce mémoire est consacré à l'analyse des bruits instrumentaux. Une description des bruits que l'on sait susceptibles de limiter la sensibilité de l'interféromètre est d'abord présentée, ainsi que leur mécanisme de propagation. La méthode ayant permis d'analyser les bruits instrumentaux est ensuite exposée. Elle consiste tout d'abord à identifier les sources de bruit potentielles par la recherche de cohérence entre les signaux de l'interféromètre. Il est ensuite utile de comprendre le mécanisme par lequel ces bruits se propagent dans l'interféromètre en élaborant des modèles analytiques. Cette analyse, appliquée aux données de l'interféromètre, a été complétée par des études utilisant une simulation du détecteur. Entre fin 2003 et fin 2005, les progrès de la mise en route de Virgo ont été ponctués par sept prises de données techniques, qui ont permis de vérifier l'évolution des performances du détecteur. Les résultats de l'analyse des bruits limitant la sensibilité de l'interféromètre au cours de chacune de ces prises de données techniques sont présentés dans ce mémoire. L'impact des améliorations techniques apportées à l'interféromètre pour éliminer l'effet de ces bruits est également discuté.The Virgo detector for gravitational waves is a laser interferometer with arms which are 3 km long. This interferometer is at present in its commissioning phase whose goal is to reach the Virgo nominal sensitivity. To this purpose it is necessary to reduce the technical noises which are limiting the sensitivity during this phase. The work described in this thesis focuses on the analysis of technical noises. The noises which are known to be likely to limit the sensitivity are first described and their propagation mechanism is also explained. The method used to analyse the technical noises is then presented. It first consists in identifying the possible noise sources by looking for coherence between the interferometer signals. Then it is useful to understand how the noise propagates into the interferometer. This is done by building analytical models of propagation. Some studies based on a simulation of the detector have been added to the analysis of interferometer data. Between the end of 2003 and the end of 2005, the advance of the commissioning has been punctuated with seven technical data taking periods, performed in order to check the evolution of the detector performance. The analysis of the noises limiting the interferometer sensitivity for each of these data taking is presented in this thesis. The impact of the technical upgrades implemented on the interferometer to suppress the effect of these noises is also discussed.CHAMBERY -BU Bourget (730512101) / SudocSTRASBOURG-Bib.Central Recherche (674822133) / SudocSudocFranceF

Newtonian calibrator tests during the Virgo O3 data taking

International audienceThe gravitational-wave detectors outputs from the LIGO and Virgo collaborations have been a source of scientific results of prime importance in various domains such as astrophysics, cosmology or fundamental physics. With the upgrades of the detectors and their improved sensitivities, new challenges are set for these instruments calibration. A calibration method based on the local variations of the Newtonian gravitational field could be the next absolute reference of calibration for the interferometers network. We report new tests of Newtonian calibrators (NCal) on the advanced Virgo detector performed during the LIGO–Virgo observing run O3. The NCal-induced strain on a mirror of the interferometer has been computed both using analytical calculations and numerical simulations with results in very good agreement. The strains given by the numerical model have been used to analyse the data of the NCals and have been compared to the reference method of calibration using photon radiation pressure. New methods to measure the NCal to mirror distance and the NCal offset with respect to the plane of the interferometer using two NCals are also presented. They are used to correct the NCal data which improves the agreement with the current advanced Virgo reference of calibration