TiO2/clay as a heterogeneous catalyst in photocatalytic/photochemical oxidation of anionic reactive blue 19

AbstractA TiO2-coated Tunisian clay (TiO2–clay) was synthesized by a typical impregnation method. The physicochemical characterization points to a successful impregnation of titania on the clay surface. The activity of this structured catalyst was studied in the photocatalytic/photochemical oxidation of anionic reactive blue 19 (RB 19). The effect of UVA and solar irradiation (UV-solar) was studied at room temperature. TiO2–clay demonstrated an effective degradation of RB 19 under both types of irradiation. Moreover, in this study, the effects of various oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), potassium peroxodisulfate (K2S2O8) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) were thoroughly investigated. H2O2 was a promising oxidant for promoting RB 19 degradation under UVA. The kinetics of discoloration of RB 19 followed a pseudo-first-order rate law. We can remark that 20min of UV irradiation was enough to achieve 100% discoloration of the aqueous solution. However, under UV–Vis, HPLC and chemical oxygen demand measurements indicated, that a longer reaction time (of around 45min) was required for achieving the complete dye mineralization. The findings clearly demonstrated the applicability of this TiO2/clay catalyst for the photocatalytic oxidation of RB 19

Synthesis, Surface characterization and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 supported on almond shell activated carbon

Three types of photocatalysts were synthesized by metal organic chemical vapor deposition and impregnation methods using the almond shell activated carbon as support. These photocatalysts denoted by (TiO2/ASAC (V), TiO2/ASAC (I1) and TiO2/ASAC (I2)) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and nitrogen adsorptionedesorption isotherms. SEM observation shows that TiO2 was deposited on activated carbon surface. XRD results confirm that TiO2 existed in a mixture of anatase and rutile phases. The DRS spectra show the characteristic absorption edge of TiO2 at approximate 380 nm corresponding to the optical band gap of 3.26 eV. Besides, FTIR spectrum indicated the presence of (TieO) groups. The specific surface area of photocatalysts decreased drastically in comparison with the original activated carbon. The catalysts were very efficient for the photodegradation of total organic carbon (TOC) from industrial phosphoric acid solution under UV irradiation. The kinetics of photocatalytic TOC degradation was found to follow a pseudofirst- order model. The prepared TiO2/ASAC showed high photoactivity for the photodegradation of TOC in the following order: TiO2/ASAC (V) > TiO2/ASAC (I1) > TiO2/ASAC (I2) > ASAC > TiO2 (P25)

TiO 2 /clay as a heterogeneous catalyst in photocatalytic/photochemical oxidation of anionic reactive blue 19

International audienceA TiO 2-coated Tunisian clay (TiO 2-clay) was synthesized by a typical impregnation method. The physicochemical characterization points to a successful impregnation of titania on the clay surface. The activity of this structured catalyst was studied in the photocatalytic/photochemical oxidation of anionic reactive blue 19 (RB 19). The effect of UVA and solar irradiation (UV-solar) was studied at room temperature. TiO 2-clay demonstrated an effective degradation of RB 19 under both types of irradiation. Moreover, in this study, the effects of various oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), potassium peroxodisulfate (K 2 S 2 O 8) and sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3) were thoroughly investigated. H 2 O 2 was a promising oxidant for promoting RB 19 degradation under UV A. The kinetics of discoloration of RB 19 followed a pseudo-first-order rate law. We can remark that 20 min of UV irradiation was enough to achieve 100% discoloration of the aqueous solution. However, under UV-Vis, HPLC and chemical oxygen demand measurements indicated, that a longer reaction time (of around 45 min) was required for achieving the complete dye mineralization. The findings clearly demonstrated the applicability of this TiO 2 /clay catalyst for the photocatalytic oxidation of RB 19. ª 2014 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/)

Titanium Dioxide Supported on Different Porous Materials as Photocatalyst for the Degradation of Methyl Green in Wastewaters

TiO2 nanoparticles were immobilized on two porous materials used as catalyst supports, namely, activated carbon (AC) and natural clay (NC), through an impregnation process using TiO2 (P25) as precursor. The so-prepared composite materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transition electron microscopy (TEM), and nitrogen physisorption, that is, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area determination. SEM and TEM observation evidenced that TiO2 was deposited on AC and NC surface. XRD results confirmed that TiO2 existed in a mixture of anatase and rutile phases. The specific surface area of photocatalysts decreased drastically in comparison with the original materials. The photocatalytic activity of these materials was assayed in the oxidation of Methyl Green (MG) dye in aqueous medium under UV irradiation. TiO2/AC exhibited higher photocatalytic oxidation activity than TiO2 at neutral pH. Total mineralization of MG was confirmed by means of COD analysis, pointing to these materials as an efficient, cost-effective, and environment friendly alternative for water treatment

Efficient removal of cadmium and 2-chlorophenol in aqueous systems by natural clay: Adsorption and photo-Fenton degradation processes

International audienceAdsorption and photo-Fenton processes were used as handy tools to ascertain the capability of natural clays to remove cadmium (Cd) and 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) from aqueous solution. Natural Fe-rich clay collected from Tejera-Esghira in Medenine area, south Tunisia, was used as a catalyst in the heterogeneous photo-Fenton oxidation of 2-CP in aqueous solution. Clay samples were acid activated to improve their adsorptive capacity for the removal of Cd. Experimental results indicated that the adsorption of Cd ions onto natural red clay of Tejera-Esghira followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Langmuir model was found to describe the equilibrium data with the calculated maximum adsorp-tion capacity of 23.59 mg g À1 for acid-activated clay. Photo-Fenton experiments proved high activity of the natural clay catalyst, which was able to completely degrade the phenol present in the treated solution after 30 min and in the presence of ultraviolet light C (UV-C). Total organic carbon and gas chromatography analysis confirmed a 2-CP degradation mechanism toward an almost complete mineralization of the organic compound

Natural Hematite and Siderite as Heterogeneous Catalysts for an Effective Degradation of 4-Chlorophenol via Photo-Fenton Process

This paper describes a simple and low-cost process for the degradation of 4-Chlorophenol (4-CP) from aqueous solution, using natural Tunisian Hematite (M1) and Siderite (M2). Two natural samples were collected in the outcroppings of the Djerissa mining site (Kef district, northwestern Tunisia). Both Hematite and Siderite ferrous samples were characterized using several techniques, including X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Nitrogen Physisorption (BET), Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), H2-Temperature Programmed Reduction (H2-TPR), Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) linked with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDS) and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). Textural, structural and chemical characterization confirmed the presence of Hematite and Siderite phases with a high amount of iron on the both surface materials. Their activity was evaluated in the oxidation of 4-CP in aqueous medium under heterogeneous photo-Fenton process. Siderite exhibited higher photocatalytic oxidation activity than Hematite at pH 3. The experimental results also showed that 100% conversion of 4-CP and 54% TOC removal can be achieved using Siderite as catalyst. Negligible metal leaching and catalyst reutilization without any loss of activity point towards an excellent catalytic stability for both natural catalysts

Influence of Operational Parameters in the Heterogeneous Photo-Fenton Discoloration of Wastewaters in the Presence of an Iron-Pillared Clay

An iron-pillared Tunisian clay (Fe-PILC) was prepared and used as the catalyst in the heterogeneous photo-Fenton oxidation of Red Congo and Malachite Green in aqueous solution. The catalyst Fe-PILC was characterized by XRF, XRD, BET, and FTIR methods. This physicochemical characterization pointed to successful iron pillaring of the clay. The influence of several operational parameters such as the pH, H₂O₂ concentration, catalyst dosage, and initial dye concentration was evaluated. A solution pH in the range 2.5–3, the addition of 8 mL of 200 mg/L H₂O₂, and a catalyst dosage of 0.3 g/L appeared as the most favorable reaction conditions for achieving complete discoloration, either for Red Congo or Malachite Green, although oxidation was found to be slower and more complicated in the former case. The kinetics of discoloration of both dyes followed a pseudo-first-order rate law. In general, 20 min of UV irradiation was enough to achieve 100% discoloration of the aqueous solution. UV–vis and chemical oxygen demand measurements indicated, however, that longer reaction times of around 1 h were required for achieving dye mineralization. Leaching tests confirmed a very low amount of dissolved iron and good stability of the catalyst, with almost unaltered discoloration efficiency upon three cycles. Hence, taking into account the favorable photocatalytic properties and low leaching of iron ions, such iron-pillared clay can be considered a promising catalyst for dye wastewater treatment