MEASUREMENT OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF ARTHROPODS AND RESPIRATION IN SOILS MANAGED UNDER TIME-CONTROLLED AND SET-STOCKED GRAZING PRACTICES IN CENTRAL-WEST NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA

In this study we compare the effects of two contrasting grazing regimes (time-controlled grazing (TCG) vs set-stocked grazing (SSG)) on selected parameters of soil biological health. The purpose of the study was to evaluate these soil parameters as potential indicators of soil health and thence sustainable soil management. Two parameters, viz., arthropod biological diversity and soil respiration were chosen as reliable indicators of soil health. Samples of pasture cover, arthropod populations, and soil from varied depths were obtained in spring (September-November 2010) and autumn (March-May 2011). Results from the autumn showed a strong effect of time-controlled grazing with increased arthropod abundance and enhanced soil biological respiration while in spring the differences were not significant. It was concluded that a change to short-duration rotational grazing can be beneficial to soil biological health in the longer term and that the measurement of arthropods present in the litter and topsoil can be a simple yet effective indicator of the impact of grazing regime on soil health

OIE Annual Report on Antimicrobial Agents Intended for Use in Animals: Methods Used

International audienceFor over two decades, the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) has engaged in combatting antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through a One Health approach. Monitoring of antimicrobial use (AMU) is an important source of information that together with surveillance of AMR can be used for the assessment and management of risks related to AMR. In the framework of the Global Action Plan on AMR, the OIE has built a global database on antimicrobial agents intended for use in animals, supported by the Tripartite (World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and OIE) collaboration. The OIE launched its first annual data collection in 2015 and published the Report in 2016. The second Report, published in 2017, introduced a new methodology to report quantitative data in the context of relevant animal populations, and included for the first time an annual analysis of antimicrobial quantities adjusted for animal biomass on a global and regional level. A continuing annual increase of countries participating in the data collection demonstrates the countries engagement for the global development of monitoring and surveillance systems in line with OIE international standards. Where countries are not yet able to contribute their quantitative data, their reports also highlight the barriers that impede them in data collection, analysis and/or reporting. The OIE Reports show annual global and regional estimates of antimicrobial agents intended for use in animals adjusted for animal biomass, as represented by the quantitative data reported by countries to the OIE. The OIE advises caution in interpretation of estimates made in the first few years of reporting recognizing some important limitations faced by countries as they develop their monitoring systems. The OIE remains strongly committed to supporting its Members in developing robust and transparent measurement and reporting mechanisms for AMU

Towards a multidimensional assessment grid of smallholders' oil palm plantations: a preliminary proposal from SPOP Project

International audienceThis contribution is an intermediate product of the ANR 1 research project, SPOP (Sustainable Palm Oil Production). SPOP project aims at providing scientific knowledge on the diverse oil palm cropping systems in Indonesia and Cameroon, and on their social, economic and environmental impacts. This knowledge should help identify best practices, adaptation strategies, and improvement needs towards sustainability. At this stage of the research programme, we first aimed to present the applied methodology and analyse its relevancy in light of the first field data collection

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

Place de la gestion territoriale dans l’évolution des exploitations agricoles : Cas de 7 exploitations agricoles bretonnes

Pour explorer les conditions de pérennisation des continuités écologiques par l’activité agricole nous proposons d’étudier l’évolution du fonctionnement des exploitations agricoles sur deux décennies. Nous avons réalisé 7 enquêtes en exploitation de polyculture élevage en Bretagne, afin de comprendre les évolutions de la gestion territoriale et des bordures de champ et leur lien avec l’évolution des systèmes de production. Lorsque la taille des exploitations augmente, la gestion territoriale des exploitations suit toujours le modèle centre-périphérie au sein duquel, nous distinguons trois types d’évolution : i) apparition de « satellites » spécialisés en culture, ii) augmentation par effet « boule de neige » des surfaces d’usage culture et pâture dédiée aux vaches laitières autour du siège d’exploitation et iii) division du territoire d’exploitation en plusieurs modèles centre-périphérie « jumeaux » autour d’autant de sous-sièges d’exploitation. Ces adaptations se traduisent par une diversification des productions. L’évolution de la gestion des bordures de champ reste imprécise mais des facteurs de changement comme la loi sur les traitements phytosanitaires ou le foncier ont pu être identifiés. Nous apportons de premiers éléments de réflexion relevant du fonctionnement interne des exploitations agricoles qu’il serait intéressant de développer pour traiter des conditions de pérennisation des continuités écologiques en paysage agricole

Place de la gestion territoriale dans l’évolution des exploitations agricoles: Cas de 7 exploitations agricoles bretonnes

il s'agit d'un type de produit dont les métadonnées ne correspondent pas aux métadonnées attendues dans les autres types de produit : DISSERTATIONDoctoralPour explorer les conditions de pérennisation des continuités écologiques par l’activité agricole nous proposons d’étudier l’évolution du fonctionnement des exploitations agricoles sur deux décennies. Nous avons réalisé 7 enquêtes en exploitation de polyculture élevage en Bretagne, afin de comprendre les évolutions de la gestion territoriale et des bordures de champ et leur lien avec l’évolution des systèmes de production. Lorsque la taille des exploitations augmente, la gestion territoriale des exploitations suit toujours le modèle centre-périphérie au sein duquel, nous distinguons trois types d’évolution : i) apparition de « satellites » spécialisés en culture, ii) augmentation par effet « boule de neige » des surfaces d’usage culture et pâture dédiée aux vaches laitières autour du siège d’exploitation et iii) division du territoire d’exploitation en plusieurs modèles centre-périphérie « jumeaux » autour d’autant de sous-sièges d’exploitation. Ces adaptations se traduisent par une diversification des productions. L’évolution de la gestion des bordures de champ reste imprécise mais des facteurs de changement comme la loi sur les traitements phytosanitaires ou le foncier ont pu être identifiés. Nous apportons de premiers éléments de réflexion relevant du fonctionnement interne des exploitations agricoles qu’il serait intéressant de développer pour traiter des conditions de pérennisation des continuités écologiques en paysage agricole

Understanding the drivers of land use changes : the case of oil palm managements in Sumatra (Indonesia)

International audienceAgricultural landscapes are primarily designed by farming practices. Farmers chosse their farming practices in a balance between strengths and constaints, from local and wider scale as well as from biophysical and human context, following different land use strategies. These different strategies shape the landscapes and drive land use changes with consequent impacts onto the environment (e.g., on biodiversity conservation, soil erosion, water quality). In the last decades, land cover and land use changes have occurred in tropical areas : many tropical landscapes have shifted from forest to agriculture. Large areas are now used for agriculture. This is the case for oil palm plantations that have been increasingly developed to answer the global fat demand. In Indonesia, oil palm plantations are conducted through different farming practices eventually resulting into a wide range of environmental impacts. Understanding and modeling the divers of the diversity of oil palm farming practices and their associated spatial location within the landscape is then crucial to assess oil palm environmental future impacts and to find possible ways to foster its sustainable development (Verburg et al., 2004). The aim of this communication is then to present an analyses of the diversity oil palm agricultural practices and their portential drivers as a first step to propose oil palm possible futures. The case study is in Sumatera, Indonesia. We carried out interviews in two study sites different in terms of agricultural development : one being mostly developed with industrial plantations and one being developed with traditional smallholdings. We then performed multivariate analysis to explore the diversity of oil palm agricultural practices among oil palm smallholder's growers. This presentation will contribue to the wider understanding of land use managers' decision making processes as a way to better assess possible land use futures. This case study will also provide a methodological example that combine stakeholders' in-depth interviews and biophysical maps to model the processes involved in agricultural land uses allocation and their possible changes, which can then help fostering transitions towards more sustainable production

Oil palm dreams and disillusions : smallhoders' plantations in a context of low inputs farming systems in Indonesia

International audienceIn Sumatra Island, in Indonesia, rubber plantations are a long tradition of familiy farming. The successes of oil palm smallholders involved in partnerships with companies ('plasma smallholders') worked as an incentive for the develoment of independent smallholders' plantations, most often replacing smallholders' old rubber agroforests and plantations. In Feintrenie et al. (2010) oil palm independent smallholders' plantations are expected to produce higher return to labour than rubber plantations, and more or less equivalent return to land depending on the respective prices of these two commodities. However, this result relies on assumptions on the yields of oil palm plantations that were generally too young to be productive at the time when the research was carried out. Is the reality at the level of expectations ? Are oil palm independent smallholders' plantations more profitable than rubber ones ? This paper challenges this assertion, and proposes an updated comparison between oil palm and rubber independent smallholders' plantations. We carried out interviews with independent oil palm smallholders in Jambi provinces in 2013. The Livelihoods of these regions relies mainly on low inputs rubber farming systems. Since 2000, several farmers have replaced rubber agroforests and plantations with oil palm plantations. We collected data on oil palm and rubber agricultural practices and calculated their respective profitability. We then compared oil palm plantations and rubber plantations net returns to smallholders depending on tow production factors : planting materials quality and fertilizers application quantity. Independent smallholders do not benefit from partnerships scheme advantages such as the provision of inputs and technical advices, but rather rely on themselves to access to necessary oil palm inputs. Our study showed that most of the fully independent farmers who tried oil palm have a poor access to selected seedlings and fertilizers. This lack of inputs quality impacts greatly fresh fruit bunches (FFB) production and thus reduces oil palm net returns for independent smallholders compared with plasma smallholders. In these agronomical conditions the production of oil palm FFB is not economically competitive with natural rubber production. Thus, in a context of low inputs farming systems, oil palm plantations can be less profitable than rubber plantations and cannot sustain farmers' livelihoods