A Linear Model For Moving Measurements Estimation In Urban Climate Studies

Problem statement: Several methods can be adopted to study the variations in urban climate. The mobile measurement method is one of them, involving information provided by moving measurements of air temperature, that are taken in points defined along pre-established routes and also data from fixed-point temperature recording stations. Because moving measurements are made in different times along the measurement process, adjustments must be made in order to adequately analyze the air temperature measurements. Approach: Mobile measurements were taken in an urban area and contextualized in the domain of some fixed-point temperature recording stations. Therefore, a linear model proposed to investigate and represent the variables that influence moving measurements estimation in the urban context. Results: All proposed variables in the linear model were considered relevant, because all coefficients of the determined model were non null. Also, the identified model presents a good fit to the field data, as indicated by the resulting coefficient of determination (R2) that is 90.3%. Conclusion/Recommendations: The linear model described in this work is easy to apply, requiring few input variables. It is important to emphasize that the model was developed to estimate moving measurements as a function of fixed measurements and presents the potential to identify new input variables based on moving measurements, as shown by the fit among fixed and moving temperature measurements, in order to provide insight about other possible models of late time adjustment.© 2011 Science Publications.87685690Beeson, C., Blumberg, D., Brazel, A., Shashuabar, L., Combined Methods of Thermal Remote Sensing and Mobile Climate Transects In Beer Sheva, Israel (2005) Proceedings of the ISPRS joint conference, pp. 21-26. , http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVI/8-W27, Editors: M. Moeller and E. Wentz, ISPRS WG VIII/1 "Human Settlements and Impact Analysis, Mar. 14-16, Tempe, AZ, USACharabi, Y., Bakhit, A., Assessment of the canopy urban heat island of a coastal arid tropical city: The case of Muscat, Oman (2011) Atmospheric Res, 101, pp. 215-227. , DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.02.010(2011) Urban Development and Environment, , http://2009.campinas.sp.gov.br/seplama/deplan/deplan.htm, City Secretariat of PlanningDanazumi, S., Shamsudin, S., Aris, A., Modeling the distribution of rainfall intensity using hourly data (2010) Am. J. Environ. Sci, 6, pp. 238-243. , DOI: 10.3844/ajessp.2010.238.243El-Nesr, M.N., Abu-Zreig, M.M., Alazba, A.A., Temperature trends and distribution in the Arabian peninsula (2010) Am. J. Environ. Sci, 6, pp. 191-203. , DOI: 10.3844/ajessp.2010.191.203Kaiser, I.M., Faria, J.R.G., Validation of Transects For Air Temperature and Moisture Profiles Measurements In Urban Areas Under High Diurnal Air Temperatures Variation (2001) Proceedings of the 18 th Conference On Passive and Low Energy Architecture, pp. 571-575. , http://www.arct.cam.ac.uk/PLEA/Conference.aspx?p=9&ix=10&pid=2&prcid=33&ppid=522, Organizing Committee of PLEA'2001, Brazil Florianópolis Nov. 7-9Kudish, A.I., Evseev, E.G., The assessment of four different correction models applied to the diffuse radiation measured with a shadow ring using global and normal beam radiation measurements for Beer Sheva, Israel (2007) Solar Energy, 82, pp. 144-156. , DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2007.06.006Lee, E., Sharples, S., An Analysis of the Urban Heat Island of Sheffield- the Impact of a Changing Climate (2008) Proceedings of the 25th Conference On Passive and Low Energy Architecture, p. 396. , http://architecture.ucd.ie/Paul/PLEA2008/content/index.html, Oct. 22-24, University College Dublin, Dublin, SessionMirzaei, P.A., Haghighat, F., Approaches tostudy Urban Heat Island-Abilities and limitations (2010) Buil. Environ, 45, pp. 2192-2201. , DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.04.001Mota, A.A., Mota, L.T.M., Pezzuto, C.C., Object oriented modeling of thermostatically controlled devices for cold load pick-up (2011) J. Comput. Sci, 7, pp. 262-269. , DOI:10.3844/jcssp.2011.262.269Murphy, D.J., Hall, M.H., Hall, C.A.S., Heisler, G.M., Stehman, S.V., The relationship between land cover and the urban heat island in northeastern Puerto Rico (2011) Int. J. Climatol, 31, pp. 1099-1256. , DOI: 10.1002/joc.2145Nagara, K., Shimoda, Y., Mizuno, M., Evaluation of the thermal environment in an outdoor pedestrian space (1996) Atmospheric Environ, 30, pp. 497-505. , DOI: 10.1016/1352-2310(94)00354-8Oke, T.R., (2006) Initial Guidance to Obtain Representative Meteorological Observations At Urban Sites, p. 1250. , http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/IMOP/publications/IOM-81/IOM-81-UrbanMetObs.pdf, World Meteorological Organization. Instruments and Observing Methods Report No 81 WMO/TD-N°Pezzuto, C.C., Labaki, L.C., Filho, L.L.F., Urban Environment Analysis Through Mobile Measurements and City Maps: Example In Campinas, Brazil (2006) Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference On Urban Climate, International Association For Urban Climate (IAUC), pp. 505-508. , http://www.urbanclimate.org/, June 12-16, World Meteorological Organization and Goteborg University, Goteborg Sweden, ppRahnama-Rad, J., Bavali, M.Y., Derakhshani, R., Optimization of hydraulic parameters of iranshahr alluvial aquifer (2010) Am. J. Environ. Sci, 6, pp. 477-483. , DOI: 10.3844/ajessp.2010.477.483Sun, C.Y., Brazel, A.J., Chow, W.T.L., Hedquist, B.C., Prashad, L., Desert heat island study in winter by mobile transect and remote sensing techniques (2009) Theoretical Applied Climatol, 98, pp. 323-335. , DOI: 10.1007/s00704-009-0120-2Thongwan, T., Kangrang, A., Homwuttiwong, S., An estimation of rainfall using fuzzy setgenetic algorithms model (2011) Am. J. Eng. Applied Sci, 4, pp. 77-81. , DOI:10.3844/ajeassp.2011.77.81Vicente-Serrano, S.M., Cuadrat-Prats, J., Saz-Sanchez, M., Spatial patterns of the urban heat island in Zaragoza (Spain) (2005) Climate Res, 30, pp. 61-69. , DOI: 10.3354/cr03006

Restoration Building Blocks Identification Using A Heuristic Search Approach

The restoration process can be defined as the control actions sequence necessary to reenergize power lines and loads in a rapid and safe way, after a disturbance in power supply. In this work, a methodology to identify restoration building blocks (nuclear elements of the restoration process) is proposed. This method is based on the numerical inspection of a nodal matrix associated to heuristic search techniques in different stages, taking into account load priority levels and the identified RBBs (restoration building blocks) interconnection. Operational costs and electrical feasibility of suggested configurations are also considered in the problem formulation. The proposed method was tested using IEEE14 and IEEE30 networks. © 2006 IEEE.Adibi, M.M., (2000) Power System Restoration - Methodologies and Implementation Strategies, , New York: IEEE PressWu, F., Monticelli, A., Analytical Tools for Power System Restoration - Conceptual Design (1988) IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 3, pp. 10-16Fink, L.H., Liou, K., Liu, C., From Generic Restoration Actions to Specific Restoration Strategies (1995) IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 10, pp. 745-751Elgerd, O.I., (1982) Electric Energy Systems: An Introduction, , São Paulo: McGraw-Hil

A Bilevel Programming Approach For Power System Operation Planning Considering Voltage Stability And Economic Dispatch

This paper presents a model for power systems operation planning that aims to maximizing the voltage stability margin and also the economic dispatch, formulated as a bilevel programming problem (BPP). The objective is to obtain a solution for the network operation planning that takes into account both technical and economical aspects. The bilevel model allows system operators to define different objective functions for maximizing the voltage stability margin and looking for an optimum economic dispatch, as well as permitting the imposition of constraints to both the variables of the inner and outer problems. The BPP is reduced to a single level optimization problem by replacing the inner optimization problem by its Karush-Kuhn-Tucker optimality conditions. This methodology does not require mixed-integer programming. Moreover, BPP formulation is simpler than other formulations, and it is also very flexible to accommodate the variables and control parameters. ©2008 IEEE.Harmand, Y., Trotignon, M., Lesigne, J.F., Tesseron, J.M., Lemaitre, C., Bourgin, F., Analysis of a voltage collapse incident and proposal for a time based hierarchical containment scheme CIGRÉ Report, , 38/39-02, 1990States and Canada: Causes and recommendations (2004) final report on the August, , http://www.nerc.com/filez/blackout.html, U.S, Canada Power system outage task force, 14, 2003 Blackout in the United, April 5Kurita, A., Sakurai, T., The power system failure on July 23, 1987 in Tokyo (1988) Decision and Control, 1988, Proceedings of the 27th IEEE, 3. , 10.1109/CDCAnalysis of the disturbances of April 24 and 25, 1997 in the South/Southeast/Center interconnected system Interconnected Operation Coordinating Group GCOI, Report SCO/SCEL-01/97, 1997, in PortugueseVan Cutsem, T., Voltage Instability: Phenomena, Countermeasures and Analysis Methods (2000) Proc. Of the IEEE, 88 (2), pp. 208-227. , FebruaryHalter, W., Mostaghim, S., Bilevel Optimization of Multi-Component Chemical Systems Using Particle Swarm Optimization (2006) 2006 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation Sheraton Vancouver Wall Centre Hotel, , Vancouver, BC, Canada, July 16-21Chunfeng, Y., Mingbao, P., Game Research into Production Material Logistics Center Scope Determining Based on Supply Chain Management Services Systems and Services Management, 2005, Proc. of ICSSSM '05. 2005 International Conference IEEECassidy, R.G., Kriby, M.J.L., Rike, W.M., Efficient distribution of resources through three levels of government (1971) Management Science, 17 (8)Wan, Z.P., Fan, H., Wang, S.F., Wang, G.M., A Bilevel Programming Model for the Reactive Power Optimization (2005) Power Engineering Conference, 2005. IPEC 2005. The 7th International, 29, pp. 981-05-5702-7. , Dec. IEEE, 2Weng, W.T., Wen, U.P., A Primal-Dual Interior Point Algorithm for Solving Bilevel Programming Problem (2000) Asia - Pacific Journal of Opeational Research, pp. 17-22. , Nov, ABI/INFORM GlobalPei, Z.K., Tian, S.F., Huang, H.K., A Novel Method for Solving Nonlinear Bilevel Programming Based on hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization ICSP2006 ProceedingsLiou, Y.C., Wu, S.Y., Yao, J.C., Bilevel Decision with Generalized Semi-infinite Optimization for Fuzzy Mappings as Lower Level Problems (2005) Fuzzy Optimization and Decision Making, 4, pp. 41-50. , Springer Science Business Media, IncMoore, J.T., Bard, J.F., The Mixed Integer Linear Bilevel Programming Problem (1990) Operation Research, 38, p. 5. , Sep/Oct, ABI/INFORM GlobalLiu, G.S., Han, J.Y., Zhang, J.Z., Exact Penalty Functions for Convex Bilevel Programming Problems (2001) Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 110 (3), pp. 621-643. , SeptemberColson, B., Marcotte, P., Savard, G., Bilevel Programming: A survey (2005) 4OR (A Quarterly Journal of Operation Research), , DOI:10.1007/s10288-005-0071-0Edmunds, T.A., Bard, J.F., Algorithms for Nonlinear Bilevel Mathematical Programs (1991) IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 21 (1). , January/FebruaryArroyo, J.M., Galiana, F.D., On the Solution of the Bilevel Programming Formulation of the Terrorist Threat Problem (2005) IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 20 (2). , MayGil, H.A., Galiana, F.D., da Silva, E.L., Nodal Price Control: A Mechanism for Transmission Network Cost Allocation (2006) IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 21 (1). , FebruaryBard, J.F., Falk, J.E., A branch and bound algorithm for the bilevel programming problem (1990) SIAM Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing, 11, pp. 281-292Bard, J.F., (1998) Practical Bilevel Optimization: Algorithms and Applications, , Kluwer Academic PublishersMichelle, C., An ℓ1 Penalty Function Approach to the Nonlinear Bilevel Programming Problem (1997), Doctorate Thesis, University of Waterloo, Ontario, CanadaZeynep, H., Floudas, C.A., Global Optimization of Nonlinear Bilevel Programming Problems (2001), 1-31, p. 2001. , Journal of Global Optimization 20:1-31Elgerd, O.I., (1970) Introdução à Teoria de Sistemas de Energia Elétrica, , MCGraw, HILLSaadat, H., (2002) Power System Analysis, , Second Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, IncWood, A.J., Wollenberg, B.F., (1984) Power Generation Operation and Control, , Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, INCBazarra, S., Sherali, D., Shetty, M., (1993) Nonlinear Programming Theory and Algorithms, , Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, INCAlsac, O., Stott, B., Optimal Load Flow with Steady-State Security (1974) IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-93, pp. 745-751. , May/JuneVoltage stability criteria, under voltage load shedding strategy, and reactive power reserve monitoring methodology (1998) final report, , http://www.wecc.biz/main.html, WECC Reactive Power Reserve Work Group, Availabl

Modeling Of Plans Of Restoration Of Electrical Systems Such As Critical Path Method (cpm)/program Evaluation Review Technique (pert) [modelagem De Planos De Recomposição De Sistemas Elétricos Como Grafos Cpm/pert]

This work proposes a computational model based on PERT/CPM graphs to represent power system restoration plans. This model can be automatically derived using the precedence list represented by the restoration actions. This method was successfully applied to a restoration plan devel oped for a South-Brazilian power network, generating satisfactory results.174437445Adibi, M.M., (2000) Power System Restoration - Methodologies and Implementation Strategies, , New York: IEEE PressAdibi, M.M., Milanicz, D.P., Estimating Restoration Duration (1999) IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 14 (4). , NovGoldbarg, M.C., Luna, H.P.L., (2000) Otimizacao Combinatória e Programação Linear - Modelos e Algoritmos, , Rio de Janeiro: Editora CampusGomes, P., Schilling, M.T., Custo de Interrupçã o: Conceituação, Metodologia de Avaliação, Valores Existentes e Aplicações (1997) Anais do XIVSNPTEE - Seminário Nacional de Produção e Transmissão de Energia Elétrica, , Belém PAModer, J.J., Phillips, C.R., (1970) Project Management with CPU and PERT, , New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold CompanyMota, A.A., Mota, L.T.M., Morelato, A., Metodologia Orientada a Objetos para a Construção Automática de Grafos CPM/PERT (2004) Anais do XXXVI SBPO - Simpósio Brasileiro de Pesquisa Operational, São João Del Rei (MG)Mota, A.A., Mota, L.T.M., Morelato, A., Avaliação da Qualidade de Planos de Recomposição de Sistemas de Energia Elétrica (2005) Anais do XVIII SNPTEE - Seminário National de Produção e Transmissão de Energia Elétrica, , Curitiba PRMota, A.A., Mota, L.T.M., (2006) Análise dos Tempos de Recomposição das Áreas Capivara e Marimbondo, Relatório 02/2006, Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico - ONS, Brasília (DF)Morelato, A., Monticelli, A., Heuristic Search Approach to Distribution System Restoration (1989) IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 4 (4)Operador, O.N.S., Nacional do Sistema Elétrico Procedimentos de Rede: Modulo 10, Centro Nacional de Operaçã o do Sistema - CNOS, Brasília (DF)Sivazlian, B.D., Stanfel, L.E., (1975) Optimization Techniques in Operations Research, , New Jersey: Prentice-Hal