THE WORLD FOOD PROBLEM - AN OVERVIEW

Food Security and Poverty,

Assessing Security Risks with the Internet of Things

For my honors thesis I have decided to study the security risks associated with the Internet of Things (IoT) and possible ways to secure them. I will focus on how corporate, and individuals use IoT devices and the security risks that come with their implementation. In my research, I found out that IoT gadgets tend to go unnoticed as a checkpoint for vulnerability. For example, often personal IoT devices tend to have the default username and password issued from the factory that a hacker could easily find through Google. IoT devices need security just as much as computers or servers to keep the security, confidentiality, and availability of data in the right hands

Theology of the Laity: the Lutheran Way

The distinction between the laity and clergy has been a contributing cause of disunity within the church because the clergy and laity are often pitted against one another with one or the other being elevated to the detriment of the other. This problem has plagued the church from the middle ages until the present day. Since the definition of the term “laity” is vacuous, the laity are generally defined relative to the clergy, specifically in reference to their authority and duties. This results in a negative definition when the laity are defined as the opposite of the clergy. The laity may be defined by service or duties, someone who does not preach the Gospel and administer the sacraments; by status, someone who is not ordained and does not have a title such as “pastor;” by education, someone who is not theologically trained; by remuneration, someone who is not full-time and paid; and by lifestyle, someone who lives not a religious life (vocation) but a secular life outside the church. The laity are defined by who they are not. The question still remains regarding who the laity are in their own right and not in contrast to the clergy. Some define the clergy in terms of service to the church while the laity are in service the world. Others define clergy with respect to status and while the laity are defined by their duties or service. Others define the laity as priests in a way that denies Christ’s priesthood. Some define laity by making a distinction in public versus private speaking of the Gospel, and others confuse the issue with discussion regarding ordained ministers and lay ministers. Instead of using the theological terms “clergy” or “priest” to define the laity, the use of the term “Christian” to define the laity resolves the confusion and conflict. It is Christ and his gifts in baptism that make Christians and thus define the identity and role of the Christian. This gives positive content to our understanding of the laity by means of Christ’s gifts. To speak of the laity as Christians further unifies the church by recognizing that some Christians are called to exercise Christ’s priestly office for the sake of the church. Luther and the Lutheran Confessions give a positive and revitalizing definition to the laity by teaching that Christ’s priestly office is exercised in his church through the proclamation of the Gospel to which Christians respond by offering sacrifices of thanksgiving and praise, and by offering their lives as living sacrifices to God in church and society. This Lutheran approach navigates between the Baptist doctrine which defines the laity according to service, and the Roman Catholic doctrine which defines the laity according to a lesser status than the clergy before God. Lutheran doctrine teaches that all Christians have the status of being holy before God and that all Christians proclaim the promises of the Gospel and serve their neighbors in love according to their vocations or stations in life

Automatic decomposition of planned assembly sequences into skill primitives

Abstract-This paper presents a new method to decompose complex sequences of assembly operations into skill primitives. This can be realized by analyzing hyperarcs of the underlying AND/ORgraphs representing automatically generated assembly plans. Features like local depart spaces, symbolic spatial relations, and the necessary tools classify the type of assembly operation (peg in hole, placements, alignments, etc.). Skill primitives are robot movements or commands for grippers and tools. The unified modeling language (UML) is used to model the robot tasks and skill primitives. A robot control system uses the skill primitives as input to select the desired control scheme (position, force, or hybrid). In addition to this, we use an algorithm to identify assembly process states considering static friction under uniform gravity to execute skill primitives. This enables a robot to select and modify its motion strategies adequately according to the state of the assembly operation

Unterhaltungen über die elektromagnetische Telegrafie in der Schweiz

Georg Mosman

Navigation and comprehension of procedural language programs

The method a programmer uses to read a program may determine how an understanding of the program is constructed and how comprehensive the understanding is. The purpose of this research was (1) to study the mental representations being constructed by novice programmers as they used typical methods to navigate program text, (2) to determine the kinds of knowledge a novice programmer extracts from a program and (3) to ascertain whether the method of navigation used by the novice programmer affects the different kinds of knowledge a novice is able extract from the program. One hundred one novice programmers were divided into four groups, one group for each of four navigation methods typically used by programmers. Utilizing a specific method of navigation, subjects viewed a program written in C++ for a period of time. At the end of the navigation period, the program was removed and subjects answered a set of comprehension questions. The questions were designed to determine the kinds of program knowledge the subjects had extracted from the program text and the extent to which the representations were complete. Subjects repeated the same navigation and question activities with a second program written in C++. The results of the study show that different methods of navigation have an affect on novice programmers\u27 understanding of a program. Subjects effectively used typical methods of navigation, but their understanding of a program was diminished when using a method of navigation commonly used only by experts. Subjects were able to extract the various kinds of information from a program necessary to construct comprehension models, but their organization of the details of the program text was not as complete as their understanding of other parts of the program. No interaction was found between the method of navigation and the ability of a novice programmer to comprehend a program