Class III PI3K regulates organismal glucose homeostasis by providing negative feedback on hepatic insulin signalling.

Defective hepatic insulin receptor (IR) signalling is a pathogenic manifestation of metabolic disorders including obesity and diabetes. The endo/lysosomal trafficking system may coordinate insulin action and nutrient homeostasis by endocytosis of IR and the autophagic control of intracellular nutrient levels. Here we show that class III PI3K--a master regulator of endocytosis, endosomal sorting and autophagy--provides negative feedback on hepatic insulin signalling. The ultraviolet radiation resistance-associated gene protein (UVRAG)-associated class III PI3K complex interacts with IR and is stimulated by insulin treatment. Acute and chronic depletion of hepatic Vps15, the regulatory subunit of class III PI3K, increases insulin sensitivity and Akt signalling, an effect that requires functional IR. This is reflected by FoxO1-dependent transcriptional defects and blunted gluconeogenesis in Vps15 mutant cells. On depletion of Vps15, the metabolic syndrome in genetic and diet-induced models of insulin resistance and diabetes is alleviated. Thus, feedback regulation of IR trafficking and function by class III PI3K may be a therapeutic target in metabolic conditions of insulin resistance

The molecular adapter Grb14 controls insulin metabolic and mitogenic actions in the liver

L'insuline, hormone clé du contrôle de l'homéostasie métabolique, exerce également des effets trophiques sur la croissance et la prolifération cellulaire. Des études épidémiologiques ont récemment montré que les individus obèses ou diabétiques de type 2 ont un risque plus élevé de développer des cancers et elles ont également suggéré que l’insuline jouerait un rôle dans ce développement tumoral. Ainsi, une signalisation adéquate en aval du récepteur de l’insuline est indispensable pour éviter des processus physiopathologiques. La signalisation de l’insuline est contrôlée par des mécanismes de rétrocontrôle, dont l’adaptateur moléculaire Grb14 qui agit comme un inhibiteur endogène de l’activité catalytique du RI. L’objectif de ma thèse a été d’étudier les conséquences métaboliques et mitogéniques de l’inhibition de Grb14 in#vivo spécifiquement dans le foie de souris. Dans une première étude, nous montrons que sept jours après l’invalidation de Grb14, les souris présentent une activation des voies de signalisation de l’insuline, qui s’accompagne d’une amélioration de la tolérance au glucose et de la production hépatique de glucose. Cependant, de façon paradoxale, la voie de la lipogenèse est très fortement diminuée. En décryptant le mécanisme moléculaire impliqué, nous montrons que l’inhibition de Grb14 permet la libération de la protéine p62/sqstm1 qui active le facteur de transcription Nrf2, ce qui entraine une inhibition du récepteur nucléaire pro-lipogénique LXR. De façon intéressante, l’invalidation de Grb14 chez des souris ob/ob permet de restaurer la glycémie et la stéatose hépatiques à des valeurs comparables aux témoins. Cette étude a ainsi permis de mettre en évidence une nouvelle voie de régulation de la lipogenèse hépatique. Dans une deuxième étude, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'action mitogénique de l'insuline. Nous montrons que 48 heures après l'inhibition de Grb14, les hépatocytes, qui sont des cellules quiescentes, entrent massivement dans le cycle cellulaire. Ce processus est dépendant de l’expression du RI et est médié par la signalisation PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 et la voie Rb/E2F1. Ces données révèlent ainsi que l'insuline est un puissant facteur mitogène dans le foie et que son action est étroitement contrôlée par l’adaptateur Grb14. D’un point de vue physiopathologique, nous avons pu mettre en évidence une diminution de significative de 58% de l’expression de Grb14 dans une collection de 70 CHC humains, apportant ainsi une explication moléculaire à une action pro-tumorigène de l’insuline dans le foie. L’ensemble de ces deux études permet de placer Grb14 au centre de la régulation des actions métaboliques et mitogéniques de l’insuline dans le foie.Insulin is a key hormone controling metabolic homeostasis which also exerts having trophic effects on cell growth and proliferation. Epidemiological studies have recently shown that obese and type 2 diabetes patients are at higher risk of developing cancers, suggesting that insulin could be involved in tumor development. Proper signaling downstream the insulin receptor is thus essential to prevent pathophysiological processes. Insulin signaling is controlled by feedback mechanisms including the molecular adapter Grb14 which acts as an endogenous inhibitor of the IR catalytic activity. The aim of my PhD was to investigate the metabolic and mitogenic consequences of liver specific Grb14 inhibition in mouse. In the first study, we showed that after seven days of Grb14 invalidation, liver insulin signaling is enhanced, resulting in improved glucose tolerance and diminished hepatic glucose production. However, paradoxically, lipogenesis was greatly decreased. Deciphering the molecular mechanism, we show that Grb14 inhibition leads to the release of its partner p62/SQSTM1, inducing the activation of the Nrf2 transcription factor, which ultimatly inhibited the pro-lipogenic LXR nuclear receptor. Interestingly, Grb14 invalidation in ob/ob mice can restore blood glucose and hepatic steatosis comparable to control values. The study thus highlighted a new pathway controlling lipogenesis that could be targetted to improve metabolic diseases. In the second study, we were interested in insulin mitogenic action. We showed that 48 hours after Grb14 inhibition, hepatocytes that are quiescent cells, massively go through one cell cycle. This process depend on IR expression and is mediated by the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 pathway and the Rb/E2F1 complex. Our data thus suggest that insulin is a potent mitogenic factor in the liver whose action is closely controlled by the Grb14 adapter in physiological conditions. Importantly, Grb14 expression is significantly decreased in a collection of human HCC, hence bringing out a molecular basis for a pro-tumorigenic action of hyperinsulinemia. Together these two studies reveal that Grb14 is a crucial gatekeeper of insulin metabolic and mitogenic actions in the liver

Class III PI3K regulates organismal glucose homeostasis by providing negative feedback on hepatic insulin signalling.

Defective hepatic insulin receptor (IR) signalling is a pathogenic manifestation of metabolic disorders including obesity and diabetes. The endo/lysosomal trafficking system may coordinate insulin action and nutrient homeostasis by endocytosis of IR and the autophagic control of intracellular nutrient levels. Here we show that class III PI3K--a master regulator of endocytosis, endosomal sorting and autophagy--provides negative feedback on hepatic insulin signalling. The ultraviolet radiation resistance-associated gene protein (UVRAG)-associated class III PI3K complex interacts with IR and is stimulated by insulin treatment. Acute and chronic depletion of hepatic Vps15, the regulatory subunit of class III PI3K, increases insulin sensitivity and Akt signalling, an effect that requires functional IR. This is reflected by FoxO1-dependent transcriptional defects and blunted gluconeogenesis in Vps15 mutant cells. On depletion of Vps15, the metabolic syndrome in genetic and diet-induced models of insulin resistance and diabetes is alleviated. Thus, feedback regulation of IR trafficking and function by class III PI3K may be a therapeutic target in metabolic conditions of insulin resistance

Insulin activates hepatic Wnt/β- catenin signaling through stearoyl- CoA desaturase 1 and Porcupine

International audienceThe Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays a pivotal role in liver structural and metabolic homeostasis. Wnt activity is tightly regulated by the acyltransferase Porcupine through the addition of palmitoleate. Interestingly palmitoleate can be endogenously produced by the stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), a lipogenic enzyme transcriptionally regulated by insulin. This study aimed to determine whether nutritional conditions, and insulin, regulate Wnt pathway activity in liver. An adenoviral TRE-Luciferase reporter was used as a readout of Wnt/β-catenin pathway activity, in vivo in mouse liver and in vitro in primary hepatocytes. Refeeding enhanced TRE-Luciferase activity and expression of Wnt target genes in mice liver, revealing a nutritional regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. This effect was inhibited in liver specific insulin receptor KO (iLIRKO) mice and upon wortmannin or rapamycin treatment. Overexpression or inhibition of SCD1 expression regulated Wnt/β-catenin activity in primary hepatocytes. Similarly, palmitoleate added exogenously or produced by SCD1-mediated desaturation of palmitate, induced Wnt signaling activity. Interestingly, this effect was abolished in the absence of Porcupine, suggesting that both SCD1 and Porcupine are key mediators of insulin-induced Wnt/β-catenin activity in hepatocytes. Altogether, our findings suggest that insulin and lipogenesis act as potential novel physiological inducers of hepatic Wnt/β-catenin pathway

Novel Grb14-Mediated Cross Talk between Insulin and p62/Nrf2 Pathways Regulates Liver Lipogenesis and Selective Insulin Resistance

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