To Make the Four Hundred Million Move: The Late Qing Dynasty Origins of Modern Chinese Sport and Physical Culture

There is little doubt that, after a century\u27s exposure, Chinese have absorbed and understand quite clearly the greater meanings of the realm of sport-the connections between competitive athletic endeavor, imperialist bluster, and economic standing in the world community. This article is an exploration of the late Qing Dynasty origins of this modern global culture of physical culture and sport

Student Quality as Measured by LSAT Scores: Migration Patterns in the U.S. News Rankings Era

This study examines the change in entering-class median LSAT score, a key input into the U.S. News & World Report ( U.S. News\u27) rankings, between 1993 and 2004. Using multivariate regression analysis, the authors model several factors that can influence the direction and magnitude of this change. The study presents six specific findings: (1) the market for high Law School Admission Test (LSAT) scores is divided into two segments that operate under different rules; (2) initial starting position is a strong predictor of the future gain or loss in LSAT scores; (3) the allure of the high end corporate law firms appears to cause a significant portion of students to discount the importance of rankings in favor of locational advantages related to the regional job market; (4) students will pay a tuition premium to attend elite law schools but, when deciding among non-elite schools, are willing to forgo a higher-ranked school for lower tuition; (5) there is little or no association between change in lawyer/judge and academic reputation and median LSAT scores; and (6) two well-known gaming strategies for driving up median LSAT scores appear to work. Drawing upon these results, the authors suggest that the current rankings competition among law schools has all the hallmarks of a positional arms race that undermines social welfare. The authors outline the emerging equilibrium in which non-elite schools engage in costly strategies to boost their reputations while elite law schools are able to further leverage their positional advantage. Because this dynamic spawns rapidly escalating costs in the form of higher tuition, continuation of the ranking tournament threatens the long-term viability of the current model of legal education. The authors conclude with four specific recommendations to law school deans and the editors of U.S. News. Symposium: The Next Generation of Law School Rankings held April 15, 2005 at Indiana University School of Law-Bloomington

Measuring Outcomes: Post-Graduation Measures of Success in the U.S. News & World Report Law School Rankings

The U.S. News & World Report annual rankings play a key role in ordering the market for legal education, and, by extension, the market for entry level lawyers. This Article explores the impact and evolution of placement and post-graduation data, which are important input variables that comprise twenty percent of the total rankings methodology. In general, we observe clear evidence that law schools are seeking to maximize each placement and post-graduation input variable. During the 1997 to, 2006 time period, law schools in all four tiers posted large average gains in employment rates upon graduation and nine months, which appear to result from a combination of competition and gaming strategies. In addition, law schools in tiers 2, 3, and 4 have increased 1L academic attrition, which may be an attempt to increase the U.S. News bar passage score. We also use multivariate regression analysis to model the employed at graduation and employed at nine months input variables. We find that the following factors are associated with higher employed at graduation rates: (1) higher 25th percentile Law School Admissions Test (LSAT) scores, (2) more on-campus interviews (OCI), (3) higher percentage of part-time students, (4) location outside a Top 10 corporate law market, and (5) status as a historically black law school. All of these factors except LSAT and OCI activity vanish when examining the employed at nine months data. The U.S. News Lawyer/Judge reputation score is associated with higher employment at nine months. Further research on the Lawyer/Judge survey instrument is needed. After presenting our empirical results, we critique the specific measures of post graduation success used in the U.S. News rankings and explain how each can be improved. We conclude that the best solution to law schools\u27 complaints about the impact of U.S. News rankings is greater data availability and transparency, particularly on post-graduation outcomes and other factors affecting students\u27 eventual employment prospects

Comparison of cardiovascular risk between patients with type 2 diabetes and those who had had a myocardial infarction: cross sectional and cohort studies [Erratum published Volume 324, Issue 7350, 8 June 2002, Page 1357)

Objective: To compare risks of cardiovascular outcomes between patients with type 2 diabetes and patients with established coronary heart disease. Design: Cross sectional study and cohort study using routinely collected datasets. Setting: Tayside, Scotland (population 400 000) during 1988-­95. Subjects: In the cross sectional study, among patients aged 45­64, 1155 with type 2 diabetes were compared with 1347 who had had a myocardial infarction in the preceding 8 years. In the cohort study 3477 patients of all ages with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes were compared with 7414 patients who had just had a myocardial infarction. Main outcome measures: Risk ratios for death from all causes, cardiovascular death, and hospital admission for myocardial infarction were calculated by Cox proportional hazards analysis and adjusted for age and sex. Results: In the cross sectional study the adjusted risk ratio for death from all causes was 2.27 (95% confidence interval 1.82 to 2.83) for patients who had had myocardial infarction compared with those with diabetes, and the risk ratio for hospital admission for myocardial infarction was 1.33 (1.14 to 1.55). In the cohort study, patients who had just had a myocardial infarction had a higher risk of death from all causes (adjusted risk ratio 1.35 (1.25 to 1.44)), cardiovascular death (2.93 (2.54 to 3.41)), and hospital admission for myocardial infarction (3.10 (2.57 to 3.73)). Conclusions: Patients with type 2 diabetes were at lower risk of cardiovascular outcomes than patients with established coronary heart disease

Blunt traumatic celiac artery avulsion managed with celiac artery ligation and open aorto-celiac bypass.

Traumatic celiac artery injuries are rare and highly lethal with reported mortality rates of 38-62%. The vast majority are caused by penetrating trauma with only 11 reported cases due to blunt trauma (Graham et al., 1978; Asensio et al., 2000, 2002). Only 3 of these cases were complete celiac artery avulsions. Management options described depend upon the type of injury and have included medical therapy with anti-platelet agents or anti-coagulants, endovascular stenting, and open ligation. We report a case of a survivor of complete celiac artery avulsion from blunt trauma managed by open bypass

Eliciting public preferences for managing the public rights of way

Public Rights of Way (PROW) in England and Wales, provides a wide range of social and economic benefits to those other than owners of land. The protection and extension of PROW are an important way of encouraging people to engage in informal enjoyment of urban and rural areas, with beneficial consequences for health and welfare. In urban areas they provide networks of mobility and interaction for people at the community level, helping to reduce reliance on motorised transport. In the rural context they define access to the countryside, critically linked to recreation and tourism, as well as providing mobility networks for local residents. This study describes the use of a Choice Experiment (CE) to derive monetary estimates the social benefits of PROW in an English county.Choice Experiments, Public Rights of Way, Willingness to Pay, Land Economics/Use, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Post-mortem dissection of COVID-19: a pathogenic role for macrophages?

Acute respiratory failure is the leading cause of death in severe COVID-19. By combining rapid tissue sampling at autopsy with high dimensional analyses, including measurement of immune cells, proteins and RNA, unparalleled insights into the mechanisms of dysregulated inflammation in COVID-19 have been obtained1–4. Here we summarise some of the conceptual advances revealed by post-mortem studies of severe COVID-19, and make particular reference to the apparent dominance of macrophages, how this may relate to disease pathophysiology, and the opportunities for targeted therapeutic intervention.ACM is supported by a Medical Research Council Clinician Scientist Fellowship (MR/V006118/1). CDL is supported by a Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Career Development Fellowship (206566/Z/17/Z) and receives funding from the UKRI-NIHR COVID-19 Call (MR/V028790/1). PPV is supported by a Wellcome Trust PhD Training Fellowship for Clinicians (214179/Z/18/Z)

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and Corticobasal Degeneration: Pathophysiology and Treatment Options

There are currently no disease-modifying treatments for progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) or corticobasal degeneration (CBD), and no approved pharmacological or therapeutic treatments that are effective in controlling their symptoms. The use of most pharmacological treatment options are based on experience in other disorders or from non-randomized historical controls, case series, or expert opinion. Levodopa may provide some improvement in symptoms of Parkinsonism (specifically bradykinesia and rigidity) in PSP and CBD; however, evidence is conflicting and where present, benefits are often negligible and short lived. In fact, “poor” response to levodopa forms part of the NINDS-SPSP criteria for the diagnosis of PSP and consensus criteria for the diagnosis of CBD (Lang Mov Disord. 20 Suppl 1:S83–91, 2005; Litvan et al. Neurology. 48:119–25, 1997; Armstrong et al. Neurology. 80(5):496–503, 2013). There is some evidence that intrasalivery gland botulinum toxin is useful in managing problematic sialorrhea and that intramuscular botulinum toxin and baclofen are helpful in reducing dystonia, including blepharospasm. Benzodiazepines may also be useful in managing dystonia. Myoclonus may be managed using levetiracetam and benzodiazepines. Pharmacological agents licensed for Alzheimer’s disease (such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists) have been used off-label in PSP, CBD, and other tauopathies with the aim of improving cognition; however, there is limited evidence that they are effective and risk of adverse effects may outweigh benefits. The use of atypical antipsychotics for behavioural symptoms is not recommended in the elderly or those with demetia associated conditions and most antipsychotics will worsen Parkinsonism. Antidepressants may be useful for behavioral symptoms and depression but are often poorly tolerated due to adverse effects. In the absence of an effective drug treatment to target the underlying cause of CBD and PSP, management should focus on optimizing quality of life, relieving symptoms and assisting patients with their activities of daily living (ADL). Patients should be managed by a multidisciplinary team consisting of neurologists, physiotherapists (PT), occupational therapists (OT), speech and language therapists (SALT), dieticians, ophthalmologists, psychologists, and palliative care specialists

Scanning Electron Microscopy Studies of Staphylococcal Adherence to Heart Valve Endothelial Cells in Organ Culture: An In Vitro Model of Acute Endocarditis

Organ cultures of human heart valves were used as a model to study the initial pathobiology of acute infective bacterial endocarditis. We used Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a case of infective endocarditis to infect the in vitro culture of the heart valves. Using scanning electron microscopy, we assessed the initial damage, attachment to and invasion of the endothelial cell layer by staphylococci. Our results indicate there is initial damage to the endothelium prior to observation of staphylococci attaching to the endothelial cell. By 12 h post infection, there is significant attachment and damage. At 24 h after infection, destruction of the heart valve endothelium is complete. The attachment and destruction arc progressive events and can be correlated quantitatively with bacterial numbers from the culture medium and those attached to the valves. This is correlated with increasing adherence ratios of the attaching staphylococci