Predicting behavioral outcomes from reactivity and regulation and the role of social preference

The current study examined the effect of early emotion regulation and reactivity on later behavioral outcomes. Differential forms of reactivity were thought to interact with attentional control to predict internalizing or externalizing behavior. Additionally, social preference was examined as a moderator or mediator of these relations. Ratings of reactivity and regulation were obtained by mother report when the children were four years old. Social preference was obtained through peer report of likability. Finally, children self-reported on internalizing symptoms, and mothers and teachers reported on externalizing symptoms at age ten. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed direct effects of anger reactivity and attentional control on externalizing behavior and an interaction between sadness/ fear reactivity and attentional control predicting internalizing behavior. Social preference was found to mediate the relation between attentional control and internalizing behavior. Implications for future research examining the role of reactivity and regulation on maladaptive behavior were discussed

Parent-child co-regulation predicting emotion regulation in early childhood

The current study examined the importance of co-regulation, defined as the mutual regulatory parent-child process that consists of coordinated emotional expression (Feldman, Greenbaum, & Yirmiya, 1999), on emotion regulation in children across early childhood. Literature related to co-regulation (e.g. responses to emotions) and individual factors of the parent and child (e.g. reactivity and psychopathology) was reviewed and used to develop a transactional model predicting child emotion regulation. It was hypothesized that co-regulation would have an additive and indirect effect on emotion regulation above and beyond the contribution of the individual factors of the child and parent. Maternal and teacher report of child negative reactivity and emotion regulation was obtained at ages 4 and 5. Laboratory observations of these constructs were also utilized. Mothers self-reported on their levels of psychopathology, as well as their reactions to their child’s negative emotions. Co-regulation was also obtained using interval coded data of reciprocated positive affect during parent-child interaction tasks. Four structural equation models (SEM) were analyzed in MPlus, and nested models were compared using a chi-square difference test. Using maternal report and observational data, the primary hypothesis was supported, as co-regulation had an additive effect on concurrent emotion regulation. Using observational data of individual factors, co-regulation also had an indirect effect on emotion regulation over time. Findings are interpreted in terms of highlighting the essential role of parent-child interactions on the development of children’s emotion regulation across early childhood

COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness: A Review of the First 6 Months of COVID-19 Vaccine Availability (1 January–30 June 2021)

Observational studies are needed to demonstrate real-world vaccine effectiveness (VE) against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outcomes. Our objective was to conduct a review of published SARS-CoV-2 VE articles, supplemented by preprints, during the first 6 months of COVID-19 vaccine availability. This review compares the effectiveness of completing the primary COVID-19 vaccination series against multiple SARS-CoV-2 disease presentations and disease severity outcomes in three population groups (general population, frontline workers, and older adults). Four hundred and seventy-one published articles and 47 preprints were identified. After title and abstract screening and full article review, 50 studies (28 published articles, 22 preprints) were included. VE results were reported for five COVID-19 vaccines and four combinations of COVID-19 vaccines. VE results for BNT162b2 were reported in 70.6% of all studies. Seventeen studies reported variant specific VE estimates; Alpha was the most common. This comprehensive review demonstrates that COVID-19 vaccination is an important tool for preventing COVID-19 morbidity and mortality among fully vaccinated persons aged 16 years and older and serves as an important baseline from which to follow future trends in COVID-19 evolution and effectiveness of new and updated vaccines

Long-term safety and efficacy of emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide vs emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV-1 pre-exposure prophylaxis: week 96 results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial

In DISCOVER, a multinational, randomised controlled trial, emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide compared with emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate showed non-inferior efficacy for HIV prevention and improved bone mineral density and renal safety biomarkers at week 48. We report outcomes analysed after all participants had completed 96 weeks of follow-up. This study is an ongoing, randomised, double-blind, multicentre, active-controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial done at 94 community, public health, and hospital-associated clinics located in Europe and North America. Adult cisgender men and transgender women who have sex with men, both with a high risk of acquiring HIV as determined by self-reported sexual behaviour or recent sexually transmitted infections, were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide (200/25 mg) tablets daily, with matched placebo tablets (emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide group), or emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (200/300 mg) tablets daily, with matched placebo tablets (emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate group). The primary efficacy outcome was incident HIV infection. Incidence of HIV-1 infection per 100 person-years was assessed when the last participant had completed 96 weeks of follow-up. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02842086. Between Sept 13, 2016, and June 30, 2017, 5387 participants were randomly assigned to receive emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide (n=2694) or emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (n=2693), contributing 10 081 person-years of follow-up. At 96 weeks of follow-up, there were eight HIV infections in participants who had received emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide (0·16 infections per 100 person-years [95% CI 0·07–0·31]) and 15 in participants who had received emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (0·30 infections per 100 person-years [0·17–0·49]). Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide maintained its non-inferiority to emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV prevention (IRR 0·54 [95% CI 0·23–1·26]). Approximately 78–82% of participants reported taking study medication more than 95% of the time across all study visits. Rates of sexually transmitted infections remained high and similar across groups (21 cases per 100 person-years for rectal gonorrhoea and 28 cases per 100 person-years for rectal chlamydia). Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide continued to show superiority over emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in all but one of the six prespecified bone mineral density and renal biomarkers. There was more weight gain among participants who had received emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide (median weight gain 1·7 kg vs 0·5 kg, p<0·0001). Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide is safe and effective for longer-term pre-exposure prophylaxis in cisgender men and transgender women who have sex with men. Gilead Sciences