Warriors of the Working-day Class in Shakespeare\u27s Second Historical Trilogy

In Shakespeare\u27s historical plays, we find the traditional and politically top-heavy historic events of monarchs, aristocrats and patriarchs, of national and international politics and of wars, civil and foreign. This is the type of practice that E.P. Thompson was challenging when he coined the polemic phrase history from below. It is necessary, Thompson says, to rethink historiography as a means of creating national identity because of its inherent lack of sociopolitical objectivity, particularly with respect to class. It is one of the peculiarities of the English, he writes, that the history of the \u27common people\u27 has always been something other than-and distinct from-English History Proper. \u27 In other words, English History has not been the history of the English per se, but rather the history of only the most powerful political, cultural and economic persons and events to affect the country; little room remains for the so-called common people. Thompson goes on to say that in English History Proper the people of this island . . . appear as one of the problems Government has had to handle. Indeed, Shakespeare\u27s sources seem to bear this out; however, his plays demonstrate a certain social sensibility that recognizes plebeian characters in ways that markedly deviate from the source material. For example, all of Shakespeare\u27s more or less non-revolutionary inhabitants of Eastcheap are the author\u27s own creation and do not occur in Holinshed or Hall. Jack Cade, who leads a violent insurrection against the aristocracy, however, does. In Shakespeare, English History Proper seems to be enriched by the inclusion of fair and peaceable representations of plebeian classes in a way that increases the dramatic effect of the plays. This part of Shakespeare\u27s technique is especially prominent in his second historical cycle. It is in these plays that we most see these types of figures in circumstances unlike those afforded us by traditional historiographers. Despite their requisite comic antics, we are allowed to see common people as fleshed out characters who are defined not by their antagonism to orthodoxy, but as integral components of a nation. This technique affords us both a fair if not realistic or accurate literary representation of the third estate and the opportunity to witness the political squabbling of the monarchy and aristocracy through the eyes of those who must inevitably fight the wars begun at court. Ibid. Shakespeare\u27s aesthetic sensibility apparently includes a consciousness of the social contradictions inherent in his culture and the limits of any historical worldview that prioritizes economic and political power and ignores the reality of the third estate. This quality infuses the plays with a sense of the social and moral consequences of absolutist monarchy as a subjective ideology. The playwright seems to have been at least tacitly aware that the people whom his society and its historical records considered socially, politically and economically ineffectual actually did have a considerable and very real efficacy in the historical trajectory that created the Elizabethan world. Shakespeare felt it necessary to include them in his public reenactment of the creation of that world-which is to say, in his own historiographic project

Library service in German teacher training institutions : case studies of Erlangen, FRG, and Erfurt, GDR.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the policies and procedures of selected education libraries in the two German states and to describe collection development, instruction in library use, and reference and information service in libraries serving German teacher training institutions. The education libraries studied were the library of the teachers college in Erfurt, German Democratic Republic (GDR), the central library of the Friedrich-Alexander University in Erlangen, Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), and the education branch library in Nurnberg, FRG. In the area of collection development, German education librarians decide how they will divide acquisitions funds for scholarly and practical school literature, for monographic titles and serial subscriptions, for German-language and foreign language materials, and for single copies of many titles or multiple copies of fewer titles. Neither the teachers college library in Erfurt nor the education branch library in Nurnberg has a written collection development policy. The central university library in Erlangen is the national subject specialty library for educational research materials and follows a detailed collection development plan which is a model for library networks. Instruction in library use is mandated by a Ministry-level regulation in the GDR, and the objectives, content, and methods employed in Erfurt provide exemplars from which much can be learned Library education in Erlangen and Nurnberg is accorded a somewhat lower priority than in Erfurt but is regarded as a multi-faceted undertaking which involves the use of detailed library guides, elaborate sign systems, and library tours as well as formal classroom instruction. Reference and information service in Erfurt is provided primarily by subject specialists, members of academic departments, whose work is coordinated and supervised by a professional librarian. In Erlangen and Nurnberg, reference and information service is the responsibility of professionally trained librarians. Computer literature searching as a component of reference service has commenced in the libraries in Erlangen and Nurnberg but not in the Erfurt library

THE EFFECTS OF ALTERNATE COW FRESHENING DISTRIBUTIONS ON MILK PRODUCTION AND IMPORTS IN FLORIDA

Seasonal swings in milk production in Florida result in a need to import milk on a seasonal basis. A linear programming analysis is used to analyze alternate freshening-date distributions and project the cost savings to Florida dairy farmers from reduced milk imports.Farm Management,

Spatial Diffusion

This volume is about how we come to have the culture and ideas we have. Most social and economic change is a direct consequence of the diffusion of some idea or phenomenon. Ideas become diffused through society in a regular manner, and because of this regularity their diffusion can often be analyzed and even predicted. The same analytical framework applied to describe and predict the spread of some cultural or human phenomenon, such as political turmoil, can also be applied to an analysis of the spread of disease. The authors chronicle the evolution of ideas for analyzing, simulating, and forecasting the diffusion of phenomena. The goal is to contribute a synthesis of the roles of time and space, how they interdependently govern the diffusion of phenomena, and how such an understanding could be used to enhance the scientific predictability of diffusion in a wide array of contexts. SCIENTIFIC GEOGRAPHY SERIES, Grant Ian Thrall, editor.https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/rri-web-book/1015/thumbnail.jp

Psychoactive substances and the political ecology of mental distress

The goal of this paper is to both understand and depathologize clinically significant mental distress related to criminalized contact with psychoactive biotic substances by employing a framework known as critical political ecology of health and disease from the subdiscipline of medical geography. The political ecology of disease framework joins disease ecology with the power-calculus of political economy and calls for situating health-related phenomena in their broad social and economic context, demonstrating how large-scale global processes are at work at the local level, and giving due attention to historical analysis in understanding the relevant human-environment relations. Critical approaches to the political ecology of health and disease have the potential to incorporate ever-broadening social, political, economic, and cultural factors to challenge traditional causes, definitions, and sociomedical understandings of disease. Inspired by the patient-centered medical diagnosis critiques in medical geography, this paper will use a critical political ecology of disease approach to challenge certain prevailing sociomedical interpretations of disease, or more specifically, mental disorder, found in the field of substance abuse diagnostics and the related American punitive public policy regimes of substance abuse prevention and control, with regards to the use of biotic substances. It will do this by first critically interrogating the concept of "substances" and grounding them in an ecological context, reviewing the history of both the development of modern substance control laws and modern substance abuse diagnostics, and understanding the biogeographic dimensions of such approaches. It closes with proposing a non-criminalizing public health approach for regulating human close contact with psychoactive substances using the example of cannabis use

Correlative Gene Expression to Protective Seroconversion in Rift Valley Fever Vaccinates

Rift Valley fever Virus (RVFV), a negative-stranded RNA virus, is the etiological agent of the vector-borne zoonotic disease, Rift Valley fever (RVF). In both humans and livestock, protective immunity can be achieved through vaccination. Earlier and more recent vaccine trials in cattle and sheep demonstrated a strong neutralizing antibody and total IgG response induced by the RVF vaccine, authentic recombinant MP-12 (arMP-12). From previous work, protective immunity in sheep and cattle vaccinates normally occurs from 7 to 21 days after inoculation with arMP-12. While the serology and protective response induced by arMP-12 has been studied, little attention has been paid to the underlying molecular and genetic events occurring prior to the serologic immune response. To address this, we isolated RNA from whole blood of vaccinated calves over a time course of 21 days before and after vaccination with arMP-12. The time course RNAs were sequenced by RNASeq and bioinformatically analyzed. Our results revealed time-dependent activation or repression of numerous gene ontologies and pathways related to the vaccine induced immune response and its regulation. Additional bioinformatic analyses identified a correlative relationship between specific host immune response genes and protective immunity prior to the detection of protective serum neutralizing antibody responses. These results contribute an important proof of concept for identifying molecular and genetic components underlying the immune response to RVF vaccination and protection prior to serologic detection.The open access fee for this work was funded through the Texas A&M University Open Access to Knowledge (OAK) Fund

Study of Image Qualities From 6D Robot–Based CBCT Imaging System of Small Animal Irradiator

Purpose: To assess the quality of cone beam computed tomography images obtained by a robotic arm-based and image-guided small animal conformal radiation therapy device. Method and Materials: The small animal conformal radiation therapy device is equipped with a 40 to 225 kV X-ray tube mounted on a custom made gantry, a 1024 � 1024 pixels flat panel detector (200 mm resolution), a programmable 6 degrees of freedom robot for cone beam computed tomography imaging and conformal delivery of radiation doses. A series of 2-dimensional radiographic projection images were recorded in cone beam mode by placing and rotating microcomputed tomography phantoms on the “palm’ of the robotic arm. Reconstructed images were studied for image quality (spatial resolution, image uniformity, computed tomography number linearity, voxel noise, and artifacts). Results: Geometric accuracy was measured to be 2% corresponding to 0.7 mm accuracy on a Shelley microcomputed tomo- graphy QA phantom. Qualitative resolution of reconstructed axial computed tomography slices using the resolution coils was within 200 mm. Quantitative spatial resolution was found to be 3.16 lp/mm. Uniformity of the system was measured within 34 Hounsfield unit on a QRM microcomputed tomography water phantom. Computed tomography numbers measured using the linearity plate were linear with material density (R2 > 0.995). Cone beam computed tomography images of the QRM multidisk phantom had minimal artifacts. Conclusion: Results showed that the small animal conformal radiation therapy device is capable of producing high-quality cone beam computed tomography images for precise and conformal small animal dose delivery. With its high-caliber imaging capabilities, the small animal conformal radiation therapy device is a powerful tool for small animal research

Bunyaviruses and the Type I Interferon System

The family Bunyaviridae contains more than 350 viruses that are distributed throughout the world. Most members of the family are transmitted by arthopods, and several cause disease in man, domesticated animals and crop plants. Despite being recognized as an emerging threat, details of the virulence mechanisms employed by bunyaviruses are scant. In this article we summarise the information currently available on how these viruses are able to establish infection when confronted with a powerful antiviral interferon system