Some security issues for web based frameworks

This report investigates whether a vulnerability found in one web framework may be used to find a vulnerability in a different web framework. To test this hypothesis, several open source applications were installed in a secure test environment together with security analysis tools. Each one of the applications were developed using a different software framework. The results show that a vulnerability identified in one framework can often be used to find similar vulnerabilities in other frameworks. Crosssite scripting security issues are the most likely to succeed when being applied to more than one framework

A Comparison of Movements and Burrow Usage Between Indigenous and Relocated Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) in a Fall Line Sandhills Community

The movements and burrow use of twenty (ten relocated and ten indigenous to the relocation site) adult gopher tortoises {Gopherus polyphemus) were followed during the late spring, summer and early autumn in Talbot County, Georgia. The objectives of this study were to determine whether relocated gopher tortoises developed fidelity to a relocation site, and whether indigenous tortoises reacted adversely to relocated tortoises released in their proximity. Ten tortoises in the right-of-way of a highway construction project were captured, fitted with transmitters, and relocated to a 336 hectare tract of land, 3.2 km east of Geneva, Talbot, County, Georgia. Concurrently, ten tortoises indigenous to the relocation site were captured, fitted with transmitters, and returned to their burrows. Captured gopher tortoises were released into three areas separated by blackwater branch swamps along the northern edge of the relocation site: one area contained five indigenous tortoises; a second area contained five relocated tortoises; and a third area contained five indigenous and five relocated tortoises. Tortoises were tracked using a radio receiver from 22 May to 4 November 1 996. Their movements, azimuth, and burrow use were recorded initially every day for seven days following their release then every three days thereafter (weather permitting). Social interactions observed were also recorded. Two relocated tortoises left the relocation site and the transmitter on an indigenous tortoise failed within the first week after being released. A third relocated tortoise returned to the vicinity of its capture burrow immediately north of the relocation site, in late October. The remaining relocated and all indigenous tortoises stayed near their release burrows or traveled to new areas on the relocation site where they remained. Treatment (tortoises released in isolation, released with indigenous, or released with relocated tortoises), gender, and source (relocated or indigenous) had a significant effect on the behavior of the tortoises. Interactions among these variables were also significant. Males occupied more burrows and had a greater number of interburrow movements than females. Also, relocated tortoises released with indigenous tortoises or indigenous tortoises released with relocated tortoises occupied a greater number of burrows and had a greater number of interburrow movements than indigenous or relocated tortoises alone. The average distance traveled from the release burrow to each burrow occupied by a particular tortoise was found to be significant or highly significant for all examined factors; namely, treatment, gender, and source. Interactons between treatment, and/or gender, and/or source were also significant or highly significant. Tortoises released in areas with both indigenous and relocated tortoises moved a greater average distance than tortoises released in isolated areas. Males moved a greater average distance than females. Relocated tortoises (both sexes combined) moved a greater average distance than indigenous tortoises. Relocated female tortoises occupied the fewest burrows, moved the least number of times, and had the lowest average distance traveled compared to all tortoises studied. Because of the contrast in movement patterns among indigenous and relocated tortoises, only gender was found to be significant when the total distance traveled was compared. Due to wide variation among individuals in the distance moved from their release burrow to the last burrow occupied there was no significant difference in terms of gender, treatment, source, or their interactions. The 1 7 tortoises that were monitored for the duration of this study occupied 1 10 burrows and moved 193 times. Overall, males moved a total of 135 times compared to females who moved a total of 58 times. Seasonal differences in the number of movements were found to be significant. The number of movements recorded during July and August were approximately twice the number recorded during June, September, and October. Despite these differences the release of relocated tortoises among indigenous tortoises did not appear to have a pronounced negative impact on the latter group of tortoises. The movements patterns of relocated male tortoises towards the end of the study suggests they had become acclimated to the relocation site. The restricted movements of the relocated females may be due to repressive behavior by indigenous tortoises that were in close proximity to them

Understanding the Dynamics and Spread of Pneumococcal Infection From Healthy Carriage to Pneumonia and Invasive Disease, in Kilifi, Kenya

Streptococcus pneumoniae, the pneumococcus, is an important pathogen globally, especially among children <5 years old. Pneumococcus colonises the human nasopharynx, and carriage is a prerequisite to disease. Understanding the concentration of pneumococcal colonisation may help us to better understand the pathogenesis of pneumococcal disease. We hypothesized that If increased nasopharyngeal pneumococcal concentration is important in the pathogenesis of pneumonia then the concentration would be lowest among well children, intermediate among children with symptomatic upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) and highest among children admitted to hospital with WHO-defined pneumonia. We found that in fact, the nasopharyngeal pneumococcal concentration was of similar distribution among all three groups of children, and was highest among the group with URTI. We studied the nasopharyngeal concentration of pneumococcus among children <5 years old before, during and after episodes of symptomatic URTI with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or rhinovirus. Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal concentration increased 4-fold with onset of the viral infection, which may contribute to risk. We examined the response of nasopharyngeal pneumococcal concentration to vaccination with the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-10) among children aged 12-23 months. Vaccine-type (VT) carriage concentration did not change, while nonvaccine-type (NVT) concentration increased over six months post vaccination, which may have been a vaccine effect on VT relative to NVT concentration. There were large differences in serotype-specific pneumococcal concentration within and between individuals. We investigated the performance of quantitative lytA PCR (qPCR) on blood samples in the diagnosis of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among children <13 years old at Kilifi County Hospital, and among children 1-59 months old in a seven-country case-control study of pneumonia aetiology. lytA qPCR was not specific for the diagnosis of IPD, being positive among 5% of control participants. Pneumococcal DNA is more commonly found in the bloodstream of children in low and lower-middle income countries than has been appreciated. Studying nasopharyngeal concentration of pneumococcus demonstrated why it is difficult to diagnose pneumococcal disease among young children in high-burden countries. Total nasopharyngeal concentration of pneumococcus is similar in well children as in disease. Serotype-specific concentration varies widely within and between children. Pneumocodcal bloodstream invasion appears to be a frequent occurrence, without always leading to IPD

A theoretical investigation of roll coating phenomena

This thesis is primarily concerned with the theoretical modelling of steady, forward roll coating systems under different degrees of starvation by the use of analytical and numerical techniques. The concept of ‘starvation’ in a two roll coater is introduced and three possibilities identified: the fully-flooded, moderately-starved and ultra-starved situations. An extensive literature survey of work related to the fully-flooded case is given, together with a discussion of the difficulties associated with, and application of finite element methods to, free surface coating flows. Four models of ultra-starved roll coating are developed, the first of which neglects the flux between the rollers. The analytical solution of this first ‘Zero Flux’ model predicts streamlines and pressures that are in qualitative agreement with experiment. This model is refined further: first of all to allow a small, non-zero flux, then to enable prediction of the film thicknesses produced on the rollers during the forward case. The theoretical film thickness predictions agree well with Malone’s [1992] experimental data. The final model also allows a small flux between the rollers, but retains all other assumptions of the ‘Zero Flux’ model. Streamline predictions from this last model agree well with experiment. A FORTRAN finite element code is developed to solve free surface coating flows and is used to obtain film thickness ratio predictions in fully-flooded roll coating over a wider velocity ratio range than previously reported. These predictions agree reasonably well with Savage’s [1992] model. A numerical model of starvation in roll coating systems is developed and the predicted velocity and pressure fields are in qualitative agreement with both experimental observations and the analytical predictions for ultra-starved flow. Finally, numerical film thickness ratio predictions are obtained over the gamut of starvation: they are almost independent of the degree of starvation and are in good agreement with Malone’s [1992] experimental data

Open and Distance Learning for Basic Education in South Asia: its potential for hard-to-reach children and children in conflict and disaster areas: Bangladesh and Sri Lanka Country Studies

These are the country studies for the UNICEF funded project which explores the ways in which, in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka various forms of open and distance learning could be developed to better meet the needs of marginalised children and those affected by natural disaster (Bangladesh) and by conflict (Sri Lanka)

A study of the thermolyses of polyfluoroaryl-prop-2-ynyl ethers in inert solvents and with alkenes

In this research the thermal reactions of polyfluoroarylprop-2-ynyl ethers in inert solvents and with alkenes was investigated. Chapter 1 discusses the history of the Claisen and Cope rearrangements with particular reference to the scope, mechanism and stereochemistry of these reactions. Chapter 2 examines the behaviour of aryl prop-2-enyl and aryl prop-2-ynyl ethers when theortho, para or both positions in the aromatic ring are substituted and illustrates the formation of both internal Diels-Alder adducts and cyclisation products. Chapter 3 reports the behaviour of polyfluoroaryl -prop-2- ynyl ethers and includes the first period of the author's own work. The thermolysis of these ethers was undertaken in a non-vitreous environment in both n-decane and 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethaneleading to large quantities of the cyclisation products: 2- fluoromethyl-4,5,6,7-tetrafluorobenzo[b]furan (117) from pentafluorophenyl prop-2-ynyl ether (115) and 2-fluoromethyl-4,5,6,7,8,9- hexafluoronaphtho[2,1-b]furan (126) from 1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptafluoro- 2-naphthyl prop-2-ynyl ether (120). The final chapter describes the second period of the author's work in which the thermolyses of 1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptafluoro-2- naphthyl prop-2-ynyl ether (120) and 2-fluoromethyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexafluoronaphtho[2,1-b]furan (126) in the presence of (Z)-but-2-ene(120 only), 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene and 3,3-dimethylbut-1-ene respectively were examined. The formation of the following novel alkenes is reported: 2-(2-methylbut-l-enyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexafluoronaphtho[ 2,1-b]furan (137), 2-(2,3,3-trimethylbut-l-enyl)- 4,5,6,7,8,9-hexafluoronaphtho[2,1-b]furan (138), 2-(2,2,3-trimethyl-but-3-enyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexafluoronaphtho[2,l-b]furan (139) and 2-(2,2,3-trimethyl but-3-enyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexafluoronaphtho[ l,2-b]furan (140). The latter•s formation was attributed to the presence of 2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptaf]uoro-l-naphthyl prop-2-ynyl ether(142) in the starting material, ether (120). The Chapter is concluded with a discussion of the mechanistic implications of the formation of compounds (138) and (139) from the two c(_6) alkenes in reaction with the ether (120) and the 2-fluoromethyl derivative (126). The particular reactions of 3,3-dimethylbut-l-ene with (120) and with (126) are especially interesting. Three mechanistic routes have been submitted to account for the products formed in these reactions: (a) that the formation of (138) and (139) requires an initial anti-Markownikov addition of a carbocation, subsequent rearrangement and proton loss; (b) that the formation of (138) and (139) requires initial attack by F(^ ) followed by anti-Markownikov adduct formation, ionisation by loss of F(^-) yielding a primary carbocation which rearranges and then loses a proton; and (c) that the formation of (138) and (139) really involves 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene - formed by prior isomerisation of the terminal alkene by H(^+)

Open and distance learning for basic education in South Asia: its potential for hard to reach children and children in conflict and disaster areas

This is the main report in a UNICEF funded project which explores the ways in which, across South Asia, various forms of open and distance learning could be developed to better meet the needs of marginalised children and those affected by natural disaster and by conflic

Evidence-based programs in children's services: A critical appraisal

Evidence-based programs (EBPs) are increasingly being implemented in children's services agencies in developed countries. However, this trend is meeting resistance from some researchers, policy makers and practitioners. In this article we appraise the main critiques, focusing on scientific, ideological, cultural, organizational and professional arguments. We contend that some of the resistance stems from misconceptions or an oversimplification of issues, while others represent valid concerns that need to be addressed by proponents of EBPs. We set out implications for the development and evaluation of programs and how they are introduced into service systems, and conclude with broader recommendations for children's services. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd

Enhancement of germination in native woody species with particular reference to Rosa corymbifera Laxa.

Commercial production of native tree and shrub species from seed can be unpredictable. Rosa corymbifera 'Laxa' is one such species of commercial importance as a rootstock, and is characteristic of the Rosaceae family. During the investigation, a standard commercial pretreatment was used to determine the unpredictable nature of this species with regard to germination. It was found that germination varied from as low as 2% in one year to a high of 63% in a subsequent year. The average germination was 26% over this period. This presents a very real dilemma to the grower with respect to meeting demand from highly unpredictable species. This dilemma is inherent in native tree production from seed. Germination became high and predictable with the addition of a compost maker, Garotta. During the same five year period the lowest germination achieved was 75% and the highest 99%. The average germination was 89%. Germination was vastly increased in percentage terms as well as becoming reliable from year to year. The benefits to the grower in using this technique are potentially great in terms of time and resources. Not only is this pretreatment highly predictable, it is safe and easy to apply, unlike alternatives such as the use of concentrated sulphuric acid to burn off the seed coat. During the pretreatment of Rosa corymbifera'Laxa' the influence of microorganisms was assessed. Microbes were found within the pretreatment and their presence was established as being required to overcome the dormancy of the seeds. Low microbial numbers and activity were found in the commercial pretreatment, resulting in low germination. High microbial numbers and activity were found in the Garotta pretreatment, resulting in high and predictable germination. Total absence of microbes was found to result in zero germination

Operationalising the principles in sustainability in tourism at the local level

By the 1990s a research base had developed articulating the principles of sustainability, but there remained a need for work which analysed the implementation process and the implementability of sustainability in particular policy areas. The Rio UNCED conference (1992) had articulated concerns that all levels of governance should operationalise the principles of sustainability into deliverable actions. Whilst critics (e. g. Galtung et al., 1995) have challenged the legitimacy of these global pronouncements, there was nevertheless an expectation that Local Agenda 21 (LA21) might facilitate transformational change within local governance, with local authorities and other key actors engaging in communityorientated policy making to establish priorities for sustainability. It is within the context of these considerations that this research formulated three main research aims: to establish the role of LA21 processes in operationalising the principles of sustainability at the local level in the UK; exploring the interaction between politicians, local government officers and community representatives. 2) to consider the capacity of the policy area of tourism to operationalise the principles of sustainability at the local level and thus provide evidence of the wider implementability of sustainability principles within local government. 3) to scrutinise the potential of the example area of cycle tourism to provide a model for sustainable tourism at the local level. Adopting a case study research strategy, three example local authority types were identified within the LJK sub-region of Humberside. The research project highlighted a spectrum of corporate responses to sustainability, ranging from non-participation in the LA21 process, to a 'Centralist' approach driven by a strong political commitment, and thirdly a community orientated approach with priorities for sustainability evolving within policy communities at the 'Periphery. Policy 'animateurs' were identified who were committed to the integration of sustainability principles within initiatives for tourism and cycling