An Analysis of the Earnings of Canadian Immigrants

This paper reports estimates of simple wage equations fit to cross-sectional and pseudo-longitudinal data for Canadian immigrants in the 1971 and 1981 Canadian censuses. The estimates are used to assess (1) the usefulness of cross-sectional analyses for measuring the pace of immigrant earnings growth, (2) the labor market implications of admissions policies that place different weights on the work skills possessed by prospective entrants, and (3) the relative impact of selective outmigration and job-matching on the shape of immigrant earnings distributions as duration of stay increases. The estimates provide evidence of a small to moderate assimilation effect that suggests that immigrants make up for relatively low entry wages, although the wage catch-up is not complete until 13 to 22 years after entry into Canada. These results are revealed clearly in both the pseudo-longitudinal and the cross-sectional analyses. The estimates also provide evidence that the unobserved quality of immigrants' labor market skills declined following changes in Canada's immigration policies in 1974 that led to a sharp increase in the proportion of immigrants admitted on the basis of family ties. Finally, since there is no evidence that the variance of immigrant earnings increases with their duration of stay in Canada, and since there are no differential immigrant-native changes in higher-order moments of the earnings distribution as duration of stay increases, the results are inconclusive with respect to the importance of selective outmigration and job matching in the evolution of immigrant earnings distributions over time.

The Changing Labor Market Position of Canadian Immigrants

This paper uses pooled 1971, 1981, and 1986 Canadian census data to evaluate the extent to which (1) the earnings of Canadian immigrants at the time of immigration fall short of the earnings of comparable Canadian-born individuals, and (2) immigrants' earnings grow more rapidly over time than those of the Canadian-born. Variations in the labor market assimilation of immigrants according to their gender and country of origin are also analyzed. The results suggest that recent immigrant cohorts have had more difficulty being assimilated into the Canadian labor market than earlier ones, an apparent consequence of recent changes in Canadian immigration policy, labor market discrimination against visible minorities, and the prolonged recession of the early 1980s.

Substrate Induced Denitrification over or under Estimates Shifts in Soil N2/N2O Ratios

Funding: Funding was provided by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, BBSRC UK (http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk). Grant number BB/H013431/1. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

To Bat or Not to Bat: An Examination of Contest Rules in Day-night Limited Overs Cricket

The tradition of tossing a coin to decide who bats first in a cricket match introduces a randomly-assigned advantage to one team that is unique in sporting contests. In this paper we develop previous work on this issue by examining the impact of the toss on outcomes of day-night one day international games explicitly allowing for relative team quality. We estimate conditional logit models of outcomes using data from day-night internationals played between 1979 and 2005. Other things equal, we find that winning the toss and batting increases the probability of winning by 31%. In contrast, winning the toss does not appear to confer any advantage if the team choose to bowl first.cricket, contest rules, match results, competitive balance, outcome uncertainty

Particle production at high energy

This thesis concerns the strong interactions of elementary particles and in particular the scattering of particles at the highest measured energies. Chapter one is divided into two parts, of which the first is an introduction to those aspects of the strong interaction with which we are concerned. The ideas introduced are then discussed in the second part of the chapter in the context of antiproton production in high-energy proton interactions. An approximate calculation of the production cross-section is presented which gives some insight into the unexpected features of this process. Chapter two is a calculation of the multiplicity distribution produced in proton interactions in a two component model based on Regge pole exchange. With ,a view to reducing the number of free parameters, the multiplicity distribution arising from regge An-particle collisions is assumed to be independent of which reggeon is involved (including, notably, the pomeron). Features of the model are discussed as they arise and finally a fit is performed to the observed multiplicity distribution. In chapter three this model is discussed in the context of momentum dependent measurements. The observed correlation between two mesons is seen to be in agreement with the model, as is the multiplicity distribution in all but one of the particles produced when the momentum of one is measured. Particular attention is also paid to the, correlation\between a forward proton and a charged particle in the central region, which is well described without any free parameters. In chapter four the proton inclusive distribution is discussed with regard to the triple pomeron coupling. Particle production from a model with a non-zero triple pomeron coupling is discussed in relation to the preceding chapters. Finally a brief summary of the findings of these chapters is presented

Picturing AIDS: Using Images to Raise Community Awareness

In Botswana, explicit color photos of people with AIDS have been used to spread knowledge, with the aim of saving live