El insuficiente apoyo a la vivienda protegida en la España rural y el reto demográfico

Faced with a highly populated Spain, there are regions with a small population, and it is precisely in these where rural areas proliferate, configuring a demographic desert with few urban centers. For decades, this exodus from the town to the city, and at the same time from one region to another, has been incessant. In this work, taking into account the data that this reality offers us, we study whether housing, conveniently promoted and protected by the Public Administrations in small municipalities, can become a means that helps avoid the demographic bleeding they suffer, contributing thus to the so-called demographic challenge. To this end, the protection of rural housing today is analyzed and the most suitable housing models are presented to promote rural development. Some complementary programmatic measures are also proposed, but necessary to achieve this objective.Frente a una España muy poblada, existen regiones con escasa población, y es precisamente en éstas donde proliferan las zonas rurales, configurando un desierto demográfico con escasos núcleos urbanos. Desde hace décadas este éxodo del pueblo a la ciudad, y al mismo tiempo de unas regiones a otras, es incesante. En este trabajo, teniendo en cuenta los datos que nos ofrece esta realidad, se estudia si la vivienda, convenientemente fomentada y protegida por las Administraciones Públicas en los pequeños municipios, puede constituirse en un medio que coadyuve a evitar la sangría demográfica que sufren, contribuyendo así al denominado reto demográfico. A tal fin, se analiza la protección de la vivienda rural en la actualidad y se exponen los modelos habitacionales más idóneos para favorecer el desarrollo rural. También se proponen unas medidas programáticas complementarias, pero necesarias para la consecución de este objetiv

La plataforma iTecSoft: Un caso de colaboración inter-organizativa 2.0.

El artículo describe la metodología utilizada para abordar el problema de la colaboración intra- e inter-organizativa mediante la descripción del caso específico del proyecto ITECBAN. En este caso, la colaboración se describe en los términos de la organización virtual y el problema se afronta bajo parámetros de flexibilidad a la hora de definir y gestionar esa organización virtual, formada por equipos de trabajo y profesionales geográfica y organizativamente dispersos. La solución planteada, la plataforma Itecsoft, se apoya en una arquitectura abierta de colaboración y una serie de componente de middleware y servicios que acaban tomando sustanciándose en un conjunto de herramientas de código libre en su mayoría provenientes de proyectos y comunidades que han surgido o se han reactivado al calor del fenómeno “dos-punto-cero”. Las principales aportaciones de la solución propuesta son la resolución del problema de la identidad en el entorno distribuido y descentralizado de colaboración de ITECBAN, junto con la selección, evaluación e integración de las herramientas de colaboración dentro de esa arquitectura abierta

Contradictions in the evolution of the CAP

Przedmiotem artykułu są sprzeczności w ewolucji Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej. Celem rozważań jest określenie tych sprzeczności i pokazanie ich negatywnych konsekwencji. Autor wychodzi od osobliwości popytu na produkty rolne, omawia znaczenie Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej i prezentuje sześć kolejnych faz jej rozwoju. W konkluzji dokonuje syntezy sprzeczności ewolucji WPR i ich negatywnych konsekwencji. Formułuje pytanie, czy możliwe byłoby poddanie działalności handlowej w rolnictwie, podobnie jak w innych sektorach gospodarki, wolnej konkurencji między grupą państw lub globalnie, przy założeniu, że byłaby ona wzajemna i podlegała tym samym standardom jakości i bezpieczeństwa żywności.The subject of this article is contradictions in the evolution of the Common Agricultural Policy. The considerations aim to identify these contradictions and their negative consequences. Starting from the peculiarities of the demand for agricultural produce, the author discusses the importance of the Common Agricultural Policy and presents six successive phases of its development. He concludes with a synthesis of the contradictions of the CAP evolution and their negative consequences. He also raises a question as to whether it would be possible to subject commercial activity in agriculture, like in other sectors of the economy, to free competition among a group of states or globally, on the assumption that such competition would be reciprocal and subject to the same standards of quality and food safety

Effects of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery: an international prospective cohort study an international prospective cohort study

We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care. We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care