Regionalization of the Telencephalon in Urodele Amphibians and Its Bearing on the Identification of the Amygdaloid Complex

The brain of urodele amphibians has formed the basis for numerous comparative neuroanatomical studies because its simplified arrangement of neurons and fibers was considered to represent the basic pattern common to all tetrapods. However, on the basis of classical histological techniques many common features shared by the brain of amniotes could not be identified in the anamniotic amphibians. Recently, the combined analysis of the chemoarchitecture and hodology has demonstrated that the brain, and particularly the telencephalon, of anuran amphibians shares all major basic features with amniotes. In the present study, we have conducted a series of immunohistochemical detections for telencephalic regional markers (nitric oxide synthase (NOS), γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), Islet-1 (Isl1), and Nkx2.1) that were useful tools for unraveling telencephalic organization in other vertebrates. In addition, the combination of tract-tracing techniques with dextran amines to demonstrate olfactory secondary centers, hypothalamic projections, and brainstem connections has served to propose subdivisions within the amygdaloid complex. The results of the present analysis of the urodele telencephalon using a multiple approach have demonstrated, among other features, the presence of a ventral pallial region, striatopallidal subdivision in the basal ganglia, and three main components of the amygdaloid complex. Therefore, in spite of its apparently simple organization, within the telencephalon of urodeles it is possible to identify most of the features observed in amniotes and anurans that are only revealed with the use of combined modern techniques in neuroanatomy

Femicide: thorough approach to its criminal and international protection

[EN] Starting from a historical, social and legal approach in which finding the socio-cultural reason that leads to the presence of this incident in all historical periods and all continents was undertaken, we could find the foundations of the criminal recognition of this fact in order to make the proposal of a separate offence dealing with aspects such as the objective and subjective elements of the crime, its investigation, aggravations or even possible penalties. Furthermore, it was aimed to dismantle potential criticisms such as the absence of a protected legal interest or the violation of the principle of equality and non-discrimination. Finally, the introduction of "femicide" as a specific criminal offence was analysed from a global perspective in order to study its inclusion as an international crime under the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court and the proposal of a Convention that may address the phenomenon at a global level.[ES] En el presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado se intenta abordar el fenómeno del “feminicidio” desde una perspectiva penal e internacional. Empezando por una aproximación histórica, social y legal en la que se trata de encontrar la razón socio-cultural que lleva a la presencia de este acontecimiento en toda época histórica y todo continente, se consiguen sentar los fundamentos del reconocimiento penal de este suceso para, a continuación, realizar una propuesta de regulación del mismo analizando aspectos tales como los elementos objetivos y subjetivos del tipo, su investigación, agravaciones o incluso posibles penas. Asimismo, se tratan de desmontar potenciales criticismos como podrían ser la ausencia de bien jurídico protegido o la violación del principio de igualdad y no discriminación. Por último, se enfoca la introducción del “feminicidio” como tipo penal concreto desde una perspectiva global en la que se analiza su inclusión como crimen internacional bajo la jurisdicción de la Corte Penal Internacional y se finaliza con la propuesta de una Convención que aborde el fenómeno a nivel mundial

Pinocho. Una propuesta didáctica

La historia de la literatura infantil se remonta años atrás; las historias, cuentos y protagonistas han ido cambiando a lo largo de los años en función de diversos criterios, pero todos ellos tienen algo en común: que los niños disfruten con las historias que relatan sus autores. A través de este trabajo investigaremos el fantástico mundo de los cuentos. Además conoceremos y valoraremos su importancia, ya que ha sobrevivido generación tras generación alrededor de todo el mundo gracias a sus diversas traducciones, al teatro, al cine, la música… Este trabajo intenta analizar un cuento en particular y su significado, así como entenderlo desde el punto de vista del autor, conocerlo y gracias a este análisis poder establecer las diferencias y semejanzas comparándolo con otras versiones. Como herramienta docente, los cuentos traen consigo un aprendizaje, un valor didáctico, por lo que se puede trabajar de forma transversal desde todas las áreas.Grado en Educación Infanti

Platinum-based anticancer agents: structure-activity relationship and action mechanism. Research on how to overcome cancer cells resistance

Treballs Finals de Grau de Química, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Any: 2019, Tutor: Ángel Montaña PedreroPlatinum complexes are drugs that are usually used in chemotherapy to try to kill cancerous cells of all kinds and different types of cancers. Even though there are several platinum drugs approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) and in clinical use, there are still thousands of studies trying to develop new platinum complexes. This is due to the existent resistant mechanisms produced by cancerous cells that inhibit these drugs, and for the several side effects that produce towards the human body. The goal of this study is to recollect all the novel platinum complexes developed over the last ten years and organize then depending on their properties

Femicide: thorough approach to its criminal and international protection

[EN] Starting from a historical, social and legal approach in which finding the socio-cultural reason that leads to the presence of this incident in all historical periods and all continents was undertaken, we could find the foundations of the criminal recognition of this fact in order to make the proposal of a separate offence dealing with aspects such as the objective and subjective elements of the crime, its investigation, aggravations or even possible penalties. Furthermore, it was aimed to dismantle potential criticisms such as the absence of a protected legal interest or the violation of the principle of equality and non-discrimination. Finally, the introduction of "femicide" as a specific criminal offence was analysed from a global perspective in order to study its inclusion as an international crime under the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court and the proposal of a Convention that may address the phenomenon at a global level.[ES] En el presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado se intenta abordar el fenómeno del “feminicidio” desde una perspectiva penal e internacional. Empezando por una aproximación histórica, social y legal en la que se trata de encontrar la razón socio-cultural que lleva a la presencia de este acontecimiento en toda época histórica y todo continente, se consiguen sentar los fundamentos del reconocimiento penal de este suceso para, a continuación, realizar una propuesta de regulación del mismo analizando aspectos tales como los elementos objetivos y subjetivos del tipo, su investigación, agravaciones o incluso posibles penas. Asimismo, se tratan de desmontar potenciales criticismos como podrían ser la ausencia de bien jurídico protegido o la violación del principio de igualdad y no discriminación. Por último, se enfoca la introducción del “feminicidio” como tipo penal concreto desde una perspectiva global en la que se analiza su inclusión como crimen internacional bajo la jurisdicción de la Corte Penal Internacional y se finaliza con la propuesta de una Convención que aborde el fenómeno a nivel mundial

The Non-Evaginated Secondary Prosencephalon of Vertebrates

The secondary prosencephalon (telencephalon plus hypothalamus) is probably the most complex area of the brain, with complicated patterning specifications. As yet, no prosomeric subdivisions have been reported and only distinct histogenetic territories have been recognized. In the present comparative study we analyzed cross-correlated expression maps in the non-evaginated territories of the secondary prosencephalon in different vertebrates throughout development, to assess the existence of comparable divisions and subdivisions in the different groups. Each division is characterized by expression of a unique combination of developmental regulatory genes, and each appears to represent a self-regulated and topologically constant histogenetic brain compartment that gives rise to a specific cell group. The non-evaginated area of the telencephalon corresponds to the preoptic region, whereas the hypothalamus, topologically rostral to the diencephalic prethalamus, includes basal (mammillary and tuberal) and alar (paraventricular and suprachiasmatic) parts. This complex area is specified by a cascade of transcription factors, among which the Dlx family members and Nkx2.1 are essential for the correct development. The only exception is found in the subdivision named termed the supraoptoparaventricular area, in which the transcription factor Orthopedia is essential in restricting the fate of multiple categories of neuroendocrine neurons, in the absence of the Dlx/Nkx2.1 combination. Our analysis, based on own data and published results by other researchers, suggests that common features are shared at least by all tetrapods and, therefore, they most likely were present in the stem tetrapods. The available data for agnathans (lampreys) and other fish groups indicate that not all subdivisions of the secondary prosencephalon were present at the origin of vertebrates, raising important questions about their evolution

Pattern of Neurogenesis and Identification of Neuronal Progenitor Subtypes during Pallial Development in Xenopus laevis

The complexity of the pallium during evolution has increased dramatically in many different respects. The highest level of complexity is found in mammals, where most of the pallium (cortex) shows a layered organization and neurons are generated during development following an inside-out order, a sequence not observed in other amniotes (birds and reptiles). Species-differences may be related to major neurogenetic events, from the neural progenitors that divide and produce all pallial cells. In mammals, two main types of precursors have been described, primary precursor cells in the ventricular zone (vz; also called radial glial cells or apical progenitors) and secondary precursor cells (called basal or intermediate progenitors) separated from the ventricle surface. Previous studies suggested that pallial neurogenetic cells, and especially the intermediate progenitors, evolved independently in mammalian and sauropsid lineages. In the present study, we examined pallial neurogenesis in the amphibian Xenopus laevis, a representative species of the only group of tetrapods that are anamniotes. The pattern of pallial proliferation during embryonic and larval development was studied, together with a multiple immunohistochemical analysis of putative progenitor cells. We found that there are two phases of progenitor divisions in the developing pallium that, following the radial unit concept from the ventricle to the mantle, finally result in an outside-in order of mature neurons, what seems to be the primitive condition of vertebrates. Gene expressions of key transcription factors that characterize radial glial cells in the vz were demonstrated in Xenopus. In addition, although mitotic cells were corroborated outside the vz, the expression pattern of markers for intermediate progenitors differed from mammals

El fatalismo como consecuencia del internamiento en prisión y su relación con otras variables psicosociales

La cárcel como institución de control y poder hace que los individuos pierdan el control sobre su vida y su futuro, en consecuencia, se dejan llevar por la inevitable situación configurándose en ellos el fatalismo. La persona internada en una prisión aprende que las cosas le vienen dadas, que apenas puede modificar las circunstancias de su vida. En éste contexto, esta investigación se plantea conocer la relación entre el fatalismo y la calidad de vida, satisfacción vital y apoyo social en personas privadas de libertad. Así mismo se analizan las diferencias en fatalismo en función del sexo, nivel económico, estudios, tiempo en prisión y delito cometido. La muestra está formada por 200 reclusos (175 hombres y 25 mujeres) del Centro Penitenciario de Alhaurín de la Torre (Málaga). Los resultados muestran que las internas femeninas son más fatalistas que los hombres; hay una relación negativa del número de ingresos en prisión, el nivel de estudios y el número de actividades realizadas dentro del Centro Penitenciario, con el fatalismo. Así mismo se encuentra que los internos con delitos relacionados con el sexo (contra la libertad sexual y violencia de género), obtienen menor fatalismo que los que se encuentran internados por delitos comunes. Por último, se destaca la relación negativa entre el fatalismo y el apoyo social.The prison as an institution of control and power makes individuals lose control over their lives and their future, therefore, they are driven by the inevitable situation configured in this way they fatalism. The person confined in a prison learns that things are given, they can just change the circumstances of your life. In this context, this research is aimed at ascertaining the relationship between fatalism and quality of life, life satisfaction and social support detainees. Also the differences in fatalism based on gender, income, education, time in prison and crime are discussed. The sample consists of 200 inmates (175 men and 25 women) of the Penitentiary of Alhaurín de la Torre (Malaga, Spain). The results show that female inmates are more fatalistic than men, there is a negative ratio of the number of prison admissions, educational level and the number of activities within the prison, with fatalism. Also it is found that inmates with sex-related crimes (against sexual freedom and gender violence), get less fatalism that those who are hospitalized for common crimes. Finally, the negative relationship between fatalism and social support stands

Ontogenetic Distribution of the Transcription Factor Nkx2.2 in the Developing Forebrain of Xenopus Laevis

The expression of the Nkx2.2 gene is involved in the organization of the alar-basal boundary in the forebrain of vertebrates. Its expression in different diencephalic and telencephalic regions, helped to define distinct progenitor domains in mouse and chick. Here we investigated the pattern of Nkx2.2 protein distribution throughout the development of the forebrain of the anuran amphibian, Xenopus laevis. We used immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques for its detection in combination with other essential territorial markers in the forebrain. No expression was observed in the telencephalon. In the alar hypothalamus, Nkx2.2 positive cells were scattered in the suprachiasmatic territory, but also in the supraopto-paraventricular area, as defined by the expression of the transcription factor Orthopedia (Otp) and the lack of xDll4. In the basal hypothalamus Nkx2.2 expressing cells were localized in the tuberal region, with the exception of the arcuate nucleus, rich in Otp expressing cells. In the diencephalon it was expressed in all three prosomeres (P1–P3) and not in the zona limitans intrathalamica. The presence of Nkx2.2 expressing cells in P3 was restricted to the alar portion, as well as in prosomere P2, whereas in P1 the Nkx2.2 expressing cells were located in the basal plate and identified the alar/basal boundary. These results showed that Nkx2.2 and Sonic hedgehog are expressed in parallel adjacent stripes along the anterior–posterior axis. The results of this study showed a conserved distribution pattern of Nkx2.2 among vertebrates, crucial to recognize subdivisions that are otherwise indistinct, and supported the relevance of this transcription factor in the organization of the forebrain, particularly in the delineation of the alar/basal boundary of the forebrain

Patterns of hypothalamic regionalization in amphibians and reptiles: common traits revealed by a genoarchitectonic approach

Most studies in mammals and birds have demonstrated common patterns of hypothalamic development highlighted by the combination of developmental regulatory genes (genoarchitecture), supporting the notion of the hypothalamus as a component of the secondary prosencephalon, topologically rostral to the diencephalon. In our comparative analysis we have summarized the data on the expression patterns of different transcription factors and neuroactive substances, used as anatomical markers, in the developing hypothalamus of the amphibian Xenopus laevis and the juvenile turtle Pseudemys scripta. This analysis served to highlight the organization of the hypothalamus in the anamniote/amniotic transition. We have identified supraoptoparaventricular and the suprachiasmatic regions (SCs) in the alar part of the hypothalamus, and tuberal and mammillary regions in the basal hypothalamus. Shared features in the two species are: (1) The supraoptoparaventricular region (SPV) is defined by the expression of Otp and the lack of Nkx2.1/Isl1. It is subdivided into rostral, rich in Otp and Nkx2.2, and caudal, only Otp-positive, portions. (2) The suprachiasmatic area contains catecholaminergic cell groups and lacks Otp, and can be further divided into rostral (rich in Nkx2.1 and Nkx2.2) and a caudal (rich in Isl1 and devoid of Nkx2.1) portions. (3) Expression of Nkx2.1 and Isl1 define the tuberal hypothalamus and only the rostral portion expresses Otp. (4) Its caudal boundary is evident by the lack of Isl1 in the adjacent mammillary region, which expresses Nkx2.1 and Otp. Differences in the anamnio-amniote transition were noted since in the turtle, like in other amniotes, the boundary between the alar hypothalamus and the telencephalic preoptic area shows distinct Nkx2.2 and Otp expressions but not in the amphibian (anamniote), and the alar SPV is defined by the expression of Otp/Pax6, whereas in Xenopus only Otp is expressed