6,606 research outputs found
Scattering of surface plasmons by one-dimensional periodic nanoindented surfaces
In this work, the scattering of surface plasmons by a finite periodic array
of one-dimensional grooves is theoretically analyzed by means of a modal
expansion technique. We have found that the geometrical parameters of the array
can be properly tuned to achieve optimal performance of the structure either as
a Bragg reflector or as a converter of surface plasmons into light. In this
last case, the emitted light is collimated within a few degrees cone.
Importantly, we also show that a small number of indentations in the array are
sufficient to fully achieve its functional capabilities.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures; changed sign convention in some definition
High-pressure Raman study of L-alanine crystal
Pressure-dependent Raman scattering studies in the range 0.0 -- 32 kbar were
carried out in L-alanine in order to investigate its external mode phonon
spectra in relation to the phase transitions in the crystal. A careful analysis
of the spectra shows that the low-energy Raman modes exhibit variation both in
frequency and in intensity and between 26 and 28 kbar it is observed a
splitting of a external mode, indicating that the D_2 normal phase undergoes a
transition. Pressure coefficients for external modes are also given.Comment: 11 pages, Latex, 2 figure
Enhancing Biodiversity and Multifunctionality of an Organic Farmscape in California’s Central Valley
Organic farmers in the USA increasingly manage the margins of previously monocultured farmed landscapes to increase biodiversity, e.g. they restore and protect riparian corridors, plant hedgerows and construct vegetated tailwater ponds. This study attempts to link habitat enhancements, biodiversity and changes in ecosystem functions by: 1. inventorying the existing biodiversity and the associated belowground community structure and composition in the various habitats of an organic farm in California’s Central Valley; and 2. monitoring key ecosystem functions of these habitats. Two years of inventories show greater native plant diversity in non-cropped areas. While nematode diversity did not differ between habitats, functional groups were clearly associated with particular habitats as were soil microbial communities (phospholipid fatty acid analysis). Earthworm diversity did not differ between habitats, but biomass was higher in non-cropped areas. Habitats with woody vegetation stored 20% of the farmscape’s total carbon (C), despite their relatively small size (only 5% of the total farm). Two years of monitoring data of farmscape C and nitrogen (N) through emissions, run-off and leaching showed distinct tradeoffs in function associated with each habitat. Clearly habitat restoration in field margins will increase both landscape biodiversity and the multifunctionality of the farmscape as a whole
Interferometric imaging of the sulfur-bearing molecules H2S, SO and CS in comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp)
We present observations of rotational lines of H2S, SO and CS performed in
comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) in March 1997 with the Plateau de Bure
interferometer (IRAM). The observations provide informations on the spatial and
velocity distributions of these molecules. They can be used to constrain their
photodissociation rate and their origin. We use a radiative transfer code which
allows us to compute synthetic line profiles and interferometric maps, to be
compared to the observations. Both single-dish spectra and interferometric
spectral maps show a day/night asymmetry in the outgassing. From the analysis
of the spectral maps, including the astrometry, we show that SO and CS present
in addition a jet-like structure that may be the gaseous counterpart of the
dust high-latitude jet observed in optical images. A CS rotating jet is also
observed. Using the astrometry provided by continuum radio maps obtained in
parallel, we conclude that there is no need to invoke of nongravitational
forces acting on this comet, and provide an updated orbit. The radial extension
of H2S is found to be consistent with direct release from the nucleus. SO
displays an extended radial distribution. Assuming that SO2 is the parent of
SO, the photodissociation rate of SO is measured to be 1.5 E-4 s-1 at 1 AU from
the Sun. This is lower than most laboratory-based estimates and may suggest
that SO is not solely produced by SO2 photolysis. From the observations of
J(2-1) and J(5-4) CS lines, we deduce a CS photodissociation rate of 1 to 5 E-5
s-1. The photodissociation rate of CS2, the likely parent of CS, cannot be
constrained due to insufficient resolution, but our data are consistent with
published values. These observations illustrate the cometary science that will
be performed with the future ALMA interferometer.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic
Freedom from equine infectious anaemia virus infection in Spanish Purebred horses
Introduction: No cases of equine infectious anaemia (EIA) have been reported in Spain since 1983. Factors that could increase the risk of reintroducing equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) into Spain include the recent occurrence of the disease in Europe and the absence of compulsory serological testing before importation into Spain.
Aims and objectives: Given the importance of the Spanish Purebred (SP) horse breeding industry in Spain, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to provide evidence of freedom from EIAV in SP stud farms in Central Spain.
Materials and methods: Serum samples from 555 SP horses, collected between September 2011 and November 2013, were tested using a commercially available EIAV ELISA with a published sensitivity of 100 per cent.
Results: All 555 samples were negative for antibody to EIAV, providing evidence of a true EIAV seroprevalence between 0 per cent and 0.53 per cent (95% CIs of the sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA technique used Q10 were 100 per cent and 99.3 per cent, respectively) among the SP breeding population in Central Spain.
Conclusions: These findings should serve to increase confidence when exporting SP horses to other countries
Active control of focal length and beam deflection in a metallic nano-slit array lens with multiple sources
We propose a surface plasmon-polariton based nano-rod array lens structure
that incorporates two additional lateral input channels, with the ability to
control the focal length and the deflection of the transmitted beam through the
lens actively by the intensity of the channel sources. We demonstrate by
numerical simulations that, applying the sources with the same intensity can
change the focal point and the beam waist, whereas unequal intensities generate
an asymmetric field profile in the nano-rod array inducing an off-axis beam
deflection.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure
Influence of Quercus ilex trees on herbaceous production and nutrient concentrations in southern Portugal
In an open woodland in Portugal, the nature of interactions between Quercus ilex trees and herbaceous
plants was assessed during 2 years by studying how manipulation of incident solar
radiation, water and nutrient supply affect the herbaceous biomass and N, K, P, Ca, Mg, and Mn
concentrations. Measurements were carried out in three environments consisting of (1) open
grassland, (2) beneath the tree canopy, and (3) under artificial shade. Each of these environments
was subjected to two regimes of fertilization and two water levels in a factorial design.
The fertilizer treatment consisted of application of no fertilizer or a combination of 200 kg calcium
ammonium nitrate ha–1 (26% N) and 350 kg superphosphate ha–1 (8% P), while the water-supply
treatment consisted of either no irrigation or irrigation fortnightly from February 1 to April 30.
Grasses showed significantly lower nutrient concentrations than forbs. However, nutrient concentrations
of the whole herbaceous community were within the recommended ranges for cattle
nutrition. A negative effect of shade on herbaceous biomass production was observed. The
effect of watering on herbaceous biomass was less prominent than the effect of fertilization, irrespective
of the environment, suggesting that Q. ilex does not compete for soil-water resources
with herbaceous biomass in this ecosystem. Fertilization increased total biomass by 106%,
49%, and 97% in the open grassland, beneath the tree canopy, and under artificial shade, respectively.
During the first and second year, fertilization increased herbaceous P concentrations
by 24% and 83%, respectively, if compared with concentrations obtained at the unfertilized plots.
Higher K and Mg concentrations were observed in herbaceous plants beneath the tree canopy
than in the open areas, indicating a positive effect of trees on pasture quality. The positive and
negative effects of trees on understory forage are discusse
Applications of the wave packet method to resonant transmission and reflection gratings
Scattering of femtosecond laser pulses on resonant transmission and
reflection gratings made of dispersive (Drude metals) and dielectric materials
is studied by a time-domain numerical algorithm for Maxwell's theory of linear
passive (dispersive and absorbing) media. The algorithm is based on the
Hamiltonian formalism in the framework of which Maxwell's equations for passive
media are shown to be equivalent to the first-order equation, , where is a linear differential
operator (Hamiltonian) acting on a multi-dimensional vector built of the
electromagnetic inductions and auxiliary matter fields describing the medium
response. The initial value problem is then solved by means of a modified time
leapfrog method in combination with the Fourier pseudospectral method applied
on a non-uniform grid that is constructed by a change of variables and designed
to enhance the sampling efficiency near medium interfaces. The algorithm is
shown to be highly accurate at relatively low computational costs. An excellent
agreement with previous theoretical and experimental studies of the gratings is
demonstrated by numerical simulations using our algorithm. In addition, our
algorithm allows one to see real time dynamics of long leaving resonant
excitations of electromagnetic fields in the gratings in the entire frequency
range of the initial wide band wave packet as well as formation of the
reflected and transmitted wave fronts.Comment: 23 pages; 8 figures in the png forma
Non-invertible transformations and spatiotemporal randomness
We generalize the exact solution to the Bernoulli shift map. Under certain
conditions, the generalized functions can produce unpredictable dynamics. We
use the properties of the generalized functions to show that certain dynamical
systems can generate random dynamics. For instance, the chaotic Chua's circuit
coupled to a circuit with a non-invertible I-V characteristic can generate
unpredictable dynamics. In general, a nonperiodic time-series with truncated
exponential behavior can be converted into unpredictable dynamics using
non-invertible transformations. Using a new theoretical framework for chaos and
randomness, we investigate some classes of coupled map lattices. We show that,
in some cases, these systems can produce completely unpredictable dynamics. In
a similar fashion, we explain why some wellknown spatiotemporal systems have
been found to produce very complex dynamics in numerical simulations. We
discuss real physical systems that can generate random dynamics.Comment: Accepted in International Journal of Bifurcation and Chao
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