Remote ischemic preconditioning and tacrolimus in the fetal small bowel transplant in mice

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of remote ischemic preconditioning (IPC-R) in the fetal small bowel transplantation model. METHODS: Two groups were constituted: The Isogenic transplant (ISO, C57BL/6 mice, n=24) and the allogenic transplant (ALO, BALB/c mice, n=24). In each group, the animals were distributed with and without IPC-R. It was obtained the following subgroups: Tx, IPC-R, Fk, IPC-Fk, in both strains. Intestinal grafts were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemically. RESULTS: The graft development evaluation in ISO group showed that IPC-R reduced the development compared with ISO-Tx (5.2+/-0.4 vs 9.0+/-0.8) and IPC-R-Fk increased the graft development compared with IPC-R (11.2+/-0.7 and 10.2+/-0.8). In ALO group, IPC-Fk increased the development compared with ALO-Tx and ALO with IPC-R (6.0+/-0.8, 9.0+/-1.2, 0.0+/-0.0, 0.5+/-0.3). The PCNA expression was increased in ISO group treated with Fk and IPC-R compared to other groups (12.2+/-0.8 vs Tx: 8.8+/-0.9, IPC-R: 8.0+/-0.4 and Fk: 9.0+/-0.6). The graft rejection was lower in groups treated with IPC-R (-18%), Fk (-68%) or both (-61%) compared with ALO-Tx. CONCLUSION: Remote ischemic preconditioning showed benefic effect even associate with Tacrolimus on the development and acute rejection of the fetal small bowel graft in the Isogenic and Allogenic transplants.Univ Fed Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Sch Med, Operat Tech & Expt Surg Div, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Lab Emergency Med LIM 51, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Vale Sao Francisco UNIVASF, Sch Med, Petrolina, PE, BrazilFMUSP, Surg Physiopathol Lab LIM 62, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilOperative Technique and Experimental Surgery Division, Medical School, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), BrazilWeb of Scienc

Integrated terrestrial-freshwater planning doubles conservation of tropical aquatic species

Conservation initiatives overwhelmingly focus on terrestrial biodiversity, and little is known about the freshwater cobenefits of terrestrial conservation actions. We sampled more than 1500 terrestrial and freshwater species in the Amazon and simulated conservation for species from both realms. Prioritizations based on terrestrial species yielded on average just 22% of the freshwater benefits achieved through freshwater-focused conservation. However, by using integrated cross-realm planning, freshwater benefits could be increased by up to 600% for a 1% reduction in terrestrial benefits. Where freshwater biodiversity data are unavailable but aquatic connectivity is accounted for, freshwater benefits could still be doubled for negligible losses of terrestrial coverage. Conservation actions are urgently needed to improve the status of freshwater species globally. Our results suggest that such gains can be achieved without compromising terrestrial conservation goals

Effect of remote ischemic preconditioning on the fetal small bowel transplant in mice

Objetivo: avaliar os efeitos de precondicionamento isquêmico remoto (PCI-R) no modelo de transplante de intestino delgado fetal. Métodos: foram constituídos dois grupos: transplante isogênico (Iso, camundongos C57BL/6, n=24) e transplante alogênico (Alo, camundongos BALB/c, n=24). Em cada grupo, distribuíram-se os animais com e sem PCI-R, que foi realizado por oclusão da artéria femoral esquerda da fêmea prenhe durante 10 minutos, seguida por tempo igual de reperfusão. O imunossupressor utilizado foi Tacrolimo (Fk, 5 mg/kg/dia v.o.). Ao final obteve-se os seguintes subgrupos: Alo-Tx, Alo-Pci, Alo-Fk, Alo-Pci-Fk, Iso-Tx, Iso-Pci, Iso-Fk e Iso-Pci-Fk. O enxerto foi transplantado no espaço entre o músculo reto-abdominal e pré- peritoneal dos receptores a meio centímetro do apêndice xifóide, à esquerda da linha mediana. Após o sétimo dia de seguimento, o enxerto foi removido, fixado e embebido em parafina para avaliação histomorfológica (desenvolvimento e rejeição) e análise imunohistoquímica (anti-PCNA e anti-caspase-3 clivada). Os dados foram analisados usando ANOVA e testes complementares e foi considerado significante quando p <0.05. Resultados: A avaliação do desenvolvimento do enxerto no grupo de Iso mostrou que o PCI-R reduziu o desenvolvimento comparado com Iso-Tx (5,2±0,4 vs 9,0±0,8), o Fk e sua associação com PCI-R aumentaram o desenvolvimento do enxerto comparado com PCI-R (11,2±0,7 e 10,2±0,8, respectivamente). No grupo Alo, o Fk e/ou sua associação com PCI-R aumentaram o desenvolvimento comparado com Alo-Tx e Alo com PCI-R (6,0±0,8, 9,0±1,2, 0,0±0,0, 0,5±0,3, respectivamente). A expressão de PCNA foi maior no grupo ISO em animais tratados com Fk e PCI-R comparados a outros grupos (12,2±0,8 vs Tx: 8,8±0,9, PCI-R: 8,0±0,4 e Fk: 9,0±0,6). No grupo Alo, a expressão de PCNA não diferiu entre grupos. A rejeição do enxerto foi menor nos grupos tratados com PCI-R (-18%), Fk (- 68%) ou ambos (-61%) comparados com Alo-Tx. A expressão de caspase-3 clivada foi menor no grupo Iso em animais tratados com associação de PCI-R e Fk (6,2 ±0,9 vs Tx: 8,6±0,5; PCI-R: 5,8 ±0,9 e Fk: 6,0 ±0,3). Conclusão: O PCIR mostrou efeito benéfico sobre a lesão de isquemia e reperfusão do enxerto intestinal fetal nos transplantes isogênico e alogênico, aumentando o número de células caliciformes e a proliferação celular. No transplante alogênico, aumentou o desenvolvimento do enxerto, diminuiu o grau de rejeição aguda na ausência de imunossupressão, porém não apresentou efeito sinérgico com o imunossupressor. No transplante isogênico houve diminuição do grau de desenvolvimento do enxerto, porém foi efetivo na redução da apoptose.Purpose: to evaluate the effect of remote ischemic preconditioning (R-IPC) in the fetal small bowel transplantation model. Methods: two groups were constituted: the Isogenic transplant (Iso, C57BL/6 mice, n=24) and the allogeneic transplant (Alo, BALB/c mice, n=24). In each group, the animals were distributed with and without R-IPC, that was accomplished by occlusion of the left femoral artery of the pregnant female during 10 minutes, followed for similar time of reperfusion. The imunossupressor used was Tacrolimo (Fk, 5 mg/kg/day v.o.) It was obtained the following subgrups: Alo-Tx, Alo-IPC, Alo-Fk, Alo- IPC - Fk, Iso-Tx, Iso- IPC, Iso-Fk and Iso- IPC-Fk. The graft was transplanted in the space between the straight-abdominal muscle and preperitoneal of the receivers to half centimeter of the xiphoid appendix, left of the medium line. After seven days follow-up, the graft of small bowel was removed and embedded in paraffin to histomorphological evaluation (the graft development and rejection) and immunohistochemical analysis (anti-PCNA and anti-caspase- 3 cleaved). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and post-hoc tests, and it was considered significant when p<0.05. Results: The graft development evaluation in Iso group showed that R-IPC reduced the development compared with Iso-Tx (5.2±0.4 vs 9.0±0.8) and Fk and its association with R-IPC increased the graft development compared with R-IPC (11.2±0.7 and 10.2±0.8, respectively). In Alo group, Fk and its association with R-IPC increased the development compared with Alo-Tx and Alo with R-IPC (6.0±0.8, 9.0±1.2, 0.0±0.0, 0.5±0.3, respectively). The PCNA expression was increased in Iso group only in animals treated with Fk and R-IPC compared to other groups (12.2±0.8 vs Tx: 8.8±0.9, R-IPC: 8.0±0.4 and FK: 9.0±0.6). In Alo group, PCNA expression did not differ among groups. The graft rejection was lower in groups treated with R-IPC (- 18%), Fk (-68%) or both (-61%) compared with Alo-Tx. The caspase-3 cleaved expression was lower in Iso group in animals treated with association of R-IPC and/or Fk (Tx: 8.6±0.5 vs R-IPC: 5.8 ±0.9; Fk: 6.0 ±0.3; R-IPC-Fk: 6.2 ±0.9). Conclusion: R-IPC showed benefic effect on the ischemy and reperfusion lesion of the fetal intestinal graft in the Isogenic and Allogeneic transplants, increasing the number of goblet cells and the cellular proliferation. In the Allogeneic transplant, it increased the development of the graft, it reduced the degree of acute rejection without Immunosuppression, however it didn't present synergic effect with the imunossupressor. In the Isogenic transplant there was decrease of the degree of development of the graft, however it was effective in the apoptosis reduction.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Identification of Primary and Secondary Measles Vaccine Failures by Measurement of Immunoglobulin G Avidity in Measles Cases during the 1997 São Paulo Epidemic

Despite almost universal use of measles vaccines in recent decades, epidemics of the disease continue to occur. Understanding the role of primary vaccine failure (failure to seroconvert after vaccination) and secondary vaccine failures (waning immunity after seroconversion) in measles epidemics is important for the evaluation of measles control programs in developing countries. After a measles epidemic in São Paulo, Brazil, 159 cases previously confirmed by detection of specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies were tested for IgG avidity, and a secondary immune response, defined by an IgG avidity index of at least 30%, was established in 30 of 159 (18.9%) patients. Among the 159 patients, 107 (67.3%) had not been vaccinated and 52 (32.7%) had received one or more doses of measles vaccine. Of the 107 unvaccinated patients, 104 (97.2%) showed a primary immune response, defined as an IgG avidity index of less than 30%. Among the 52 patients with documented vaccination, 25 (48.1%) showed a primary immune response and 27 (51.9%) showed a secondary immune response, thereby constituting a secondary vaccine failure. Primary vaccine failure was observed in 13 of 13 patients vaccinated prior to 1 year of age and in 43.5 and 12.5%, respectively, of patients receiving one or two doses after their first birthdays. These results provide evidence that measurement of IgG avidity can be used to distinguish between primary and secondary vaccine failures in vaccinated patients with measles; the method can also be a useful tool for the evaluation of measles control programs

Different Intervals of Ischemic Preconditioning on Small Bowel Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats

Purpose. the purpose of this study was to establish morphologically the best time of vascular occlusion to induce ischemic preconditioning (IPC) for rat small bowel undergoing ischemia and reperfusion injury.Methods. After approval by the Ethics Committee, 36 EPM-1 young adult Wistar rats from 300-350 g were distributed into 6 groups: sham (S); ischemia and reperfusion (IR), with 50 minutes of cranial mesenteric artery occlusion and 30 minutes of reperfusion; IPC with 1 cycle of 2 minutes (IPC-2), 5 minutes (IPC-5), 10 minutes (IPC-10), or 15 minutes (IPC-15), followed by sustained IR. the animals anesthetized with ketamine (60 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg) intramuscular (IM), were maintained on mattress heat, hydrated with saline (80 mL/kg), and injected with 100 IU heparin. Samples of jejunum were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and classified according to Park et al. Statistical analysis of results was performed using Kruskal-Wallis tests (P <.05).Results. the histological evaluation showed no difference between IR and IPC15 rats (5.2 and 5, respectively; P =.84). Greater jejunal injury was observed with IPC15 (5) compared with other groups (IPC2 = 3, P =.03; IPC5 = 3.2, P =.05; IPC10 = 2.8, P = .02, respectively). There was no difference between groups IPC2 X IPC5 X IPCIO.Conclusion. Morphologically, IPC with short times promoted greater intestinal protection against the IR lesion in rats.Univ Fed Rio Grande do Norte, Dept Surg, BR-59072970 Natal, RN, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Surg & Res Postgraduating Program, Div Pediat Surg, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Surg, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Surg & Res Postgraduating Program, Div Pediat Surg, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Surg, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Remote ischemic preconditioning on neovascularization and follicle viability on ovary autotransplantation in rats

Purpose. Verify the optimum remote vascular occlusion time to reduce ovarian injury in autologous transplants in rats.Methods. Twenty-four adult female rats were assigned to four groups: GC (control group): bilateral oophorectomy followed by ovary transplant; GIPC (ischemic preconditioning group): remote ischemic preconditioning at the iliac artery for 5, 10, and 15 minutes (GIPC-5, GIPC-20, and GIPC-15) previous to bilateral oophorectomy and ovarian transplantation. the right ovary was fixed in the retroperitoneum. Euthanasia was performed 4 days after the surgical procedure. the follicles were counted and classified as developing versus atretic. the immunohistochemical assay identified vascular factor of endothelial growth (VEGF) in the ovarian stroma and assessed the proliferation capacity by means of the Ki-67 in the ovarian follicles.Results. Every group showed an inflammatory infiltrate, luteous body, and ovarian follicles in several phases of development. the ischemic preconditioning groups displayed greater amounts of viable ovarian follicles and increased vascularization and vasodilatation than the control group. GIPC-15 showed the highest amount of viable follicles compared to the others (P .05).Conclusions. the PCI-15 cohort seem to be the most adequate timing to achieve functional support and preservation of a greater number of viable ovarian follicles.Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Surg, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Morphol, São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Dept Gynecol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Surg, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Morphol, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Design and implementation of the AMIGA embedded system for data acquisition

International audienceThe Auger Muon Infill Ground Array (AMIGA) is part of the AugerPrime upgrade of the Pierre Auger Observatory. It consists of particle counters buried 2.3 m underground next to the water-Cherenkov stations that form the 23.5 km2 large infilled array. The reduced distance between detectors in this denser area allows the lowering of the energy threshold for primary cosmic ray reconstruction down to about 1017 eV. At the depth of 2.3 m the electromagnetic component of cosmic ray showers is almost entirely absorbed so that the buried scintillators provide an independent and direct measurement of the air showers muon content. This work describes the design and implementation of the AMIGA embedded system, which provides centralized control, data acquisition and environment monitoring to its detectors. The presented system was firstly tested in the engineering array phase ended in 2017, and lately selected as the final design to be installed in all new detectors of the production phase. The system was proven to be robust and reliable and has worked in a stable manner since its first deployment