305 research outputs found
Une approche geÌographique du « travail » des enfants des rues
Cet article propose de deÌcrire le quotidien des enfants des rues de YaoundeÌ (Cameroun) et dâAntananarivo (Madagascar) en mettant lâaccent sur les activiteÌs geÌneÌrant des revenus. Quels espaces de travail eÌmergent au sein de la ville, suivant quelles logiques? Ce questionnement nous permet de dessiner les contours, incertains, de lâunivers de la rue. Il ouvre aussi la reÌflexion sur le devenir des enfants et leur capaciteÌ aÌ sâinseÌrer au sein de la socieÌteÌ urbain. Nous prenons en compte les actions de lâEtat, des ONG et les repreÌsentations des habitants.(Cameroon) and Antananarivo (Madagascar), with special focus on the activities which generate money. Which working spaces do exist in the city, according to which logics? This questioning allows us to draw the hesitant limits of the street universe. We open up the reflection about the childrenâ destiny and their capacity to integrate the urban society. We take into account the actions of the State and of the NGO and the representations from city dwellers
From the scrapyard to the ELV center: when the old car becomes a global resource
Este artigo enfoca a estruturação do setor de processamento e reciclagem de veĂculos em fim de vida (processamento VFV) na França. Primeiramente, traça o surgimento e a estruturação dos ferros-velhos. Em seguida, analisa a introdução gradual de regulamentaçÔes destinadas a coibir a informalidade no setor e a promover o desenvolvimento de uma economia circular. Os ferros-velhos, que agora se tornaram âcentros de reciclagem de VFVâ, sĂŁo gradualmente absorvidos por um aparato capitalista e altamente tĂ©cnico, em nome de uma âeconomia verdeâ. O artigo se propĂ”e a discutir o valor dos veĂculos em fim de vida, que muitas vezes sĂŁo considerados como fonte de poluição e resĂduos, mas tambĂ©m podem ser fonte de peças e materiais, na intersecção das circulaçÔes formais e informais, nacionais e transnacionais.This article focuses on the structuring of the end-of-life vehicle processing and recycling (ELV processing) sector in France. First, it traces the emergence and the structuring of scrapyards. It then analyses the gradual introduction of regulations aimed at curbing informality in the sector, and at promoting the development of a circular economy. Scrapyards, which have now become âELV recycling centersâ, are gradually absorbed into a capitalist and highly technical apparatus, in the name of a âgreen economyâ. The article proposes to discuss the value of end-of-life vehicles, which are often considered as a source of pollution and waste, but can also be a source of parts and materials, at the intersection of national and transnational formal and informal circulations
Analyzing the determinants of willingness-to-pay values for testing the validity of the contingent valuation method. Application to home care compared to hospital care
The contingent valuation (CV) method is an attractive approach for comparing home care to hospital care in which the only difference is patients' well-being during the treatment process and not health outcomes. We considered the empirical situation of blood transfusion (BT) in cancer patients and collected willingness to pay (WTP) values among BT users. Our main objective was to test the validity of the CV method, namely its ability to elicit true preferences. Firstly, possible determinants of WTP values and their expected influences were identified, from both economic and non economic literature and from the findings of a pilot study. Secondly, they were compared to predicted influences resulting from appropriate econometric analysis of WTP values elicited by a bidding process. From the health economics literature it appeared that the double-hurdle model is the most appropriate approach to account for zero values and protest responses. However, because the number of protest responses was too small, we used a truncated regression model. None of the 7 hypothesized influences was invalidated by econometric results. The anchoring bias hypothesis was confirmed. The WTP for home BT compared to hospital BT increased with household income, with previous experience of home care, with living far from the hospital and with low quality of life. Conversely, it was lower for advanced-stage (palliative or terminal) than for early-stage (curative) patients. We conclude that the CV approach is acceptable to severely ill patients. Moreover, WTP values demonstrate good validity given that influences predicted by our model are consistent with expected determinants.contingent valuation ; validity ; protest responses ; censored data ; home care
Antananarivo (Madagascar) : nouvelles politiques urbaines et maintien des hiĂ©rarchies sociales.La mondialisation au service dâune Ă©lite locale.
A Antananarivo est engagée depuis les années 2000 une course destinée à attirer des investisseurs étrangers, des financements et à promouvoir une image valorisante de la ville, alors que plusieurs stigmates lui sont associés. Ces actions sont menées par divers acteurs des sphÚres dirigeantes : municipalité, milieux d'affaires et agence d'urbanisme française de la coopération décentralisée. L'analyse montre la vanité de ces ambitions et le décalage avec la réalité. Pour autant, la grille de lecture internationale, mobilisée par ces acteurs locaux, invoquant la mondialisation et les exigences de compétitivité masque en fait mal les ressorts internes à la société tananarivienne : en fait il s'agit de clivages locaux, souvent anciens, qui motivent les investissements nationaux et la construction de l'image de la ville
Jeunes de la rue et « culture de rue » à Yaoundé (Cameroun)
Nous proposons de dĂ©finir le rapport Ă lâespace urbain des jeunes de la rue Ă YaoundĂ©, capitale du Cameroun. Ces jeunes vivent en permanence dans la rue, devenue leur unique source de revenus et leur principal lieu de sociabilitĂ©. Ils sont « de la rue ». Or, vivre dans la rue nâĂ©quivaut peut-ĂȘtre pas Ă vivre dans la ville (et ĂȘtre de la ville). Nous cherchons Ă comprendre ce que ces jeunes projettent dans la rue, sâil est possible dâexister par la rue et si des territoires sont Ă©ventuellement produits. Le cas Ă©chĂ©ant, sâagit-il dâune culture de rue, dâune sous-culture ou dâune contre-culture urbaine ?We propose to define the relationship thal exists between young people living in the street and urban space in Yaounde (Cameroon). These young people live continuously in the street, which becomes their only source of incarne and their main place of sociabilities. They are « from the street ». But does living in the streets mean living in the city (and to be « from the city » ? Beyond the materiality of the street, what do they project there ? Does the street confer them their existence ? Do they make a territory out of it ? Do they at the same lime create a street culture, an urban sub-culture or anti-cuhureÂ
Des « lieux communs » aux lieux cosmopolites : penser les villes dâAfrique
Lâouvrage de Catherine Fournet-GuĂ©rin tient de lâessai : servi par une Ă©criÂture sobre et fluide, il se lit avec aisance et entraĂźne le lecteur Ă la dĂ©couverte des villes du continent africain, plus exactement de ses « mĂ©troÂpoles seconÂdaires ». Antananarivo, Port-Louis, Ouagadougou, Saint-Louis du SĂ©nĂ©gal ou Nouakchott... C. Fournet-GuĂ©rin annonce et dĂ©fend une ambition : celle de rendre compte de ces villes, souvent ignorĂ©es par un pan de la littĂ©rature scientifique qui leur prĂ©fĂšre les mĂ©..
Nicolas Jounin, Voyage de classes. Des Ă©tudiants de Seine-Saint-Denis enquĂȘtent dans les beaux quartiers, Paris, La DĂ©couverte, 2014
Enseignant pendant sept ans dans le dĂ©partement de sociologie de lâuniversitĂ© Paris-8, Nicolas Jounin revient dans cet ouvrage sur une expĂ©rience pĂ©dagogique avec des Ă©tudiants de premiĂšre annĂ©e de Licence, menĂ©e trois annĂ©es durant, entre 2011 et 2013. Il sâagit dâune initiation aux techniques de la recherche en sociologie, et câest ainsi quâil la prĂ©sente au maire du VIIIe arrondissement de Paris (p. 8), espace appelĂ© Ă devenir le terrain dâenquĂȘtes de trois promotions successives dâĂ©tudian..
Prisons en Afrique. Manifestation spatiale du pouvoir et ordre négocié
Ămulations reçoit Marie Morelle, spĂ©cialiste du phĂ©nomĂšne carcĂ©ral au Cameroun et Ă Madagascar. Cet entretien est lâoccasion dâaborder des questions de rĂ©gulation politique des inĂ©galitĂ©s sociales et de circula-tion internationale des modĂšles punitifs, mais aussi dâinterdisciplinaritĂ© et de dĂ©centrement du regard Nord-Sud dans la production des analyses scientifiques.
Marie Morelle est maitresse de confĂ©rences, HDR en GĂ©ographie, Ă lâUniversitĂ© Paris 1 PanthĂ©on Sorbonne (UMR Prodig). Elle est actuellement dĂ©tachĂ©e Ă lâIRD au Cameroun et en accueil Ă la Fondation Paul Ango Ela. Ses travaux articulent gĂ©ographie politique et gĂ©ographie urbaine Ă partir dâentrĂ©es empiriques telles que la prison et la police, lâinformalitĂ© Ă©conomique et politique en Europe (France) et en Afrique (Cameroun). Elle est lâautrice notamment de La rue des enfants, les enfants des rues (CNRS Editions, 2007), YaoundĂ© carcĂ©rale, GĂ©ographie dâune ville et de sa prison (ENS Ă©ditions, 2019). Elle a dirigĂ© avec FrĂ©dĂ©ric Le Marcis et Julia Hornberger lâouvrage collectif Confinement, Punishment and Prisons in Africa (Routledge, sous presse), issu du programme « Ăconomie de la peine et de la prison en Afrique » (ANR, 2015-2019)
Le lit, un objet entre contrainte et réaffirmation de soi
Cet article discute des usages et des valeurs des objets dans une prison du Cameroun et dans un camp de travailleurs migrants au Qatar, institutions marquĂ©es par la contrainte, dans des contextes de forte densitĂ©. Il sâintĂ©resse plus particuliĂšrement au lit. Nous partons de lâhypothĂšse que celui-ci est au service du contrĂŽle dâindividus placĂ©s Ă distance du reste de la sociĂ©tĂ©. Cependant, dans une perspective goffmanienne, ses emplois multiples dĂ©montrent aussi la capacitĂ© des dĂ©tenus et des migrants Ă sâadapter Ă rĂ©sister Ă un processus de dĂ©sindividuation. Par son amĂ©nagement et ses usages, le lit devient un lieu Ă part entiĂšre au sein dâespaces plus vastes. La valeur symbolique dont il est dotĂ© est rĂ©vĂ©lateur des rapports sociaux et de pouvoir, en rĂ©action Ă lâenfermement, et plus insidieuseÂment parfois, Ă son service. De maniĂšre gĂ©nĂ©rale, cet article souhaite dĂ©montrer lâimportance de lâĂ©tude des objets, de leur localisation, de leur mise en scĂšne et de leurs utilisations dans la comprĂ©hension plus large de la production de lâespace.This article discusses the uses and values of objects in a Cameroon prison and in a Qatari migrant labor camp, hence in constrained contexts of high-human density. It particularly focuses on the bed. The latter serves to control individuals who are kept away from the rest of society. However, its multiple utilisations show inmatesâ and migrantsâ capacity to adjust to constraints and to resist the deindividuation process. By being arranged and used in a certain way, the bed becomes a place in itself within vaster spaces. Its symbolic value is part of the functioning of social and power relations, in reaction to confinement, and someÂtimes more insidiously, to accentuate it. Overall, this article sets out to demonstrate the importance of the study of objects, of their localisation, their mise en scĂšne and their use in order to better understand the production of space
Analyzing the determinants of willingness-to-pay values for testing the validity of the contingent valuation method. Application to home care compared to hospital care
Working paper GATE 08-20The contingent valuation (CV) method is an attractive approach for comparing home care to hospital care in which the only difference is patients' well-being during the treatment process and not health outcomes. We considered the empirical situation of blood transfusion (BT) in cancer patients and collected willingness to pay (WTP) values among BT users. Our main objective was to test the validity of the CV method, namely its ability to elicit true preferences. Firstly, possible determinants of WTP values and their expected influences were identified, from both economic and non economic literature and from the findings of a pilot study. Secondly, they were compared to predicted influences resulting from appropriate econometric analysis of WTP values elicited by a bidding process. From the health economics literature it appeared that the double-hurdle model is the most appropriate approach to account for zero values and protest responses. However, because the number of protest responses was too small, we used a truncated regression model. None of the 7 hypothesized influences was invalidated by econometric results. The anchoring bias hypothesis was confirmed. The WTP for home BT compared to hospital BT increased with household income, with previous experience of home care, with living far from the hospital and with low quality of life. Conversely, it was lower for advanced-stage (palliative or terminal) than for early-stage (curative) patients. We conclude that the CV approach is acceptable to severely ill patients. Moreover, WTP values demonstrate good validity given that influences predicted by our model are consistent with expected determinants
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