Seed germination of waterplantain (alisma plantago-aquatica) populations resistant and susceptible to bensulfuron-methyl

Seed germination of bensulfuron-methyl resistant (R) and susceptible (S) Alisma plantagoaquatica biotypes collected in rice fields from Baixo Mondego (6 samples); Sorraia river valey (2 samples) and Sado river valey (2 samples) were compared at 15 ºC and 15/30 ºC. All seed samples were two years old and an extra sample three years old was also included to assess the effect of seed age on germination. Three year seeds reached higher germination rates than two year seeds at both temperature conditions. Cumulative germination characterized for each biotype using non linear regression (SSlogis) was different according to geographic origin, resistance trait and seed age. The model could not fit data from Sado S biotype and two Baixo Mondego R biotypes due to immature seed. Samples with the highest cumulative germination also have the highest germination rate. Seed germination of S populations was similar at both temperature conditions, whilst for R populations seed germination was favoured by different temperature depending on geographic origin: temperature of 15/30 ºC gave the best results for Mondego river valley (Centre region) and temperature of 15 ºC for Sorraia and Sado river valleys (Centre-South region of Portugal). The resistant trait affects germination of A. plantago-aquatica seeds and may affect resistant-weed management strategies implemented early in the growing season when temperatures are lowe

Cross resistance in bensulfuron-methyl resistant alisma plantago-aquatica biotypes

The repetitive use of bensulfuron-methyl in rice fields from Sorraia, Sado and Mondego river valleys had selected resistant (R) populations of Alisma plantago-aquatica in Portugal, identified as So306, So307, Sa88, Mo190; Mo260, respectively. The response of R-biotypes to bensulfuron-methyl at 26 days after seeding (DAS) and 42 DAS and the cross-resistance either to ALS- inhibitors or to herbicides with other mode of action, was investigated in dose-response experiments. The results confirmed bensulfuron-methyl resistance in four biotypes, but not in Mo190, which had been also treated with bentazon every year. Younger plants (6 linear phyllodium, BBCH 116) were more susceptible to bensulfuron-merthyl than were older plants (6 expanded phyllodium, BBCH 126). Rbiotypes presented cross-resistance to all ALSinhibitors studied except for imazethapyr and metsulfuron-methyl. Resistance indeces (RI= ED50R /ED50 S) ranged frome 3 to 313 for the three sulfonylurea herbicides. Herbicides with different mode of action including bentazon, MCPA, oxadiazon and propanil showed resistance indices of one, indicating that all herbicides tested had equal activity to both Rand S-biotypes. It was concluded that these herbicides could be effective for the control of resistant A. plantago-aquatica biotypes in rice paddy fields

UTILIZING AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA AND LEARNING MOTIVATION ON STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT OF SOCIAL DEPARTMENT GRADE VIII STUDENT FATUMETA, DILI

The purpose of this study was to determine (1) differences effects of using audio-visual media and without audio-visual media to the learning achievement (2) differences effects of high and low motivation on the learning achievement, and (3) learning motivation and interaction effects with and without using audio-visual media on learning achievement. This study was designed by experimental research of using audio-visual media are associated with the learning motivation and it effects on student achievement. To describe the effect on experimental group treated compared with the untreated (control) group. The population of this study were 200 students. This study did not examine the entire population but uses a sample, the two groups. Each group is consisting of 30 students. The instrument that been used is a test to measure the results of social studies and questionnaires to determine the student's learning style. Test and questionnaire was using to collect the data. The data been analysed by ANOVA 2 pathway. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS 22 for windows. Data was analysed to determine learning motivation of each student, and to test the hypotheses that have been formulated. to Keywords: audio-visual media, learning motivation, learning achievemen

Zofenopril and Ramipril in Combination with Acetyl Salicylic Acid in Postmyocardial Infarction Patients with Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: A Retrospective Analysis of the SMILE-4 Randomized, Double-Blind Study in Diabetic Patients

OBJECTIVE: In the SMILE-4 study, zofenopril + acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) was more effective than ramipril + ASA on 1-year prevention of major cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular dysfunction. In this retrospective analysis, we evaluated drug efficacy in subgroups of patients, according to a history of diabetes mellitus. METHODS: The primary study endpoint was 1-year combined occurrence of death or hospitalization for cardiovascular causes. Diabetes was defined according to medical history (previous known diagnosis). RESULTS: A total of 562 of 693 (81.0%) patients were classified as nondiabetics and 131 (18.9%) as diabetics. The adjusted rate of MACE was lower under zofenopril than under ramipril in both nondiabetics [27.9% vs. 34.9% ramipril; odds ratio, OR and 95% confidence interval: 0.55 (0.35, 0.86)] and diabetics [30.9% vs. 41.3%; 0.56 (0.18, 1.73)], although the difference was statistically significant only for the nondiabetic group (P = 0.013). Zofenopril was superior to ramipril as regards to the primary study endpoint in the subgroup of 157 patients with uncontrolled blood glucose (≥126 mg/dL), regardless of a previous diagnosis of diabetes [0.31 (0.10, 0.90), P = 0.030]. Zofenopril significantly reduced the risk of hospitalization for cardiovascular causes in both nondiabetics [0.64 (0.43, 0.96), P = 0.030] and diabetics [0.38 (0.15, 0.95), P = 0.038], whereas it was not better than ramipril in terms of prevention of cardiovascular deaths. CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective analysis of the SMILE-4 study confirmed the good efficacy of zofenopril plus ASA in the prevention of long-term MACE also in the subgroup of patients with diabetes mellitus

Global variations in heart failure etiology, management, and outcomes

Importance: Most epidemiological studies of heart failure (HF) have been conducted in high-income countries with limited comparable data from middle- or low-income countries. Objective: To examine differences in HF etiology, treatment, and outcomes between groups of countries at different levels of economic development. Design, Setting, and Participants: Multinational HF registry of 23 341 participants in 40 high-income, upper–middle-income, lower–middle-income, and low-income countries, followed up for a median period of 2.0 years. Main Outcomes and Measures: HF cause, HF medication use, hospitalization, and death. Results: Mean (SD) age of participants was 63.1 (14.9) years, and 9119 (39.1%) were female. The most common cause of HF was ischemic heart disease (38.1%) followed by hypertension (20.2%). The proportion of participants with HF with reduced ejection fraction taking the combination of a β-blocker, renin-angiotensin system inhibitor, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist was highest in upper–middle-income (61.9%) and high-income countries (51.1%), and it was lowest in low-income (45.7%) and lower–middle-income countries (39.5%) (P < .001). The age- and sex- standardized mortality rate per 100 person-years was lowest in high-income countries (7.8 [95% CI, 7.5-8.2]), 9.3 (95% CI, 8.8-9.9) in upper–middle-income countries, 15.7 (95% CI, 15.0-16.4) in lower–middle-income countries, and it was highest in low-income countries (19.1 [95% CI, 17.6-20.7]). Hospitalization rates were more frequent than death rates in high-income countries (ratio = 3.8) and in upper–middle-income countries (ratio = 2.4), similar in lower–middle-income countries (ratio = 1.1), and less frequent in low-income countries (ratio = 0.6). The 30-day case-fatality rate after first hospital admission was lowest in high-income countries (6.7%), followed by upper–middle-income countries (9.7%), then lower–middle-income countries (21.1%), and highest in low-income countries (31.6%). The proportional risk of death within 30 days of a first hospital admission was 3- to 5-fold higher in lower–middle-income countries and low-income countries compared with high-income countries after adjusting for patient characteristics and use of long-term HF therapies. Conclusions and Relevance: This study of HF patients from 40 different countries and derived from 4 different economic levels demonstrated differences in HF etiologies, management, and outcomes. These data may be useful in planning approaches to improve HF prevention and treatment globally