Hermetismo entre Camponotus morosus Smith y Linepithema humile Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Hermetism, a behavior that isolates ant colonies, was studied in the laboratory between two ant species in Chile, Camponotus morosus Smith and Linepithema humile Mayr. Ants from fi ve nests of C. morosus and L. humile were used, transferring ten individuals per nest of one of the colonies to receiving nests of the other. Conducts, including antennal exploration (AE), mandible opening (MO), dorsal fl exion of the abdomen (DFA), biting (Bi), ventral fl exion of the abdomen (VFA), fi ght (Fi), transport of the intruder ant (TI), moving backwards (MB), and death (De) were recorded during ten min, with ten replicates. The times of occurrence ± SD of each event were analyzed with the Student t test. The events AE, MO, DFA, and MB had a short latency time in receiving L. humile, while C. morosus presented lesser latency for the events Bi, VFA, and Fi. When analyzing by ?2 the frequency of occurrence of each event per species, AE and MO were similar in both species, and in aggression and rejection events like DFA, Bi, VFA, Fi, MB, TI, and De, there were greater frequencies of observations in C. morosus that in L. humile. From these results, C. morosus is a more hermetic ant than L. humile.Se estudió en laboratorio el hermetismo, un comportamiento de aislación entre colonias entre dos especies de hormigas en Chile, Camponotus morosus Smith y Linepithema humile Mayr. Se utilizaron hormigas desde cinco nidos de C. morosus y L. humile, y se transfi rieron diez individuos por nido desde una de las colonias hacia nidos receptores de la otra. Las conductas se grabaron durante 10 min, incluyendo exploración con las antenas (EA), abertura mandibular (AM), flexión dorsal del abdomen (FDA), mordedura (Mo), fl exión ventral of del abdomen (FVA), vuelo (Vu), transporte de la hormiga intrusa (TI), retroceso (Re) y muerte (Mu), con diez repeticiones El tiempo de desarrollo ± DS de cada evento se analizó con el test t de Student. Los eventos EA, AM, FDA y Re tuvieron un tiempo de latencia corto al recibir a L. humile, mientras que C. morosus presentó menor latencia en los eventos Mo, FVA y Vu. Al analizar mediante ?2 la frecuencia de ocurrencia de cada evento, EA y AM fueron similares en ambas especies, y en los evento de agresión y rechazo como FDA, Mo, FVA, Vu, Re, TI y Mu hubo mayor frecuencia de observaciones en C. morosus que en L. humile. Con estos resultados, C. morosus es una hormiga más hermética que L. humile

Assessment of Virgin Olive Oil Adulteration by a Rapid Luminescent Method

The adulteration of virgin olive oil with hazelnut oil is a common fraud in the food industry, which makes mandatory the development of accurate methods to guarantee the authenticity and traceability of virgin olive oil. In this work, we demonstrate the potential of a rapid luminescent method to characterize edible oils and to detect adulterations among them. A regression model based on five luminescent frequencies related to minor oil components was designed and validated, providing excellent performance for the detection of virgin olive oil adulteration

Aproximació a l'entonació del català de València en el marc del projecte AMPER

Aquest treball, seguint les directrius del subgrup AMPERCAT del projecte AMPER, presenta els resultats de l'anàlisi dels paràmetres prosòdics (entonació, durada i intensitat) d'un corpus d'oracions declaratives i interrogatives absolutes de tipus neutre del català de la ciutat de València amb l'objectiu d'identificar els trets prosòdics que el caracteritzen. Les dades obtingudes s'han comparat amb les d'altres varietats i s'ha observat que sobre tot hi difereixen en les interrogatives absolutes

Pros and cons of olive fertigation: Influence on fruit and oil quality

Agronomic practices can modify olive fruit and oil quality. However, there is little information on the influence of fertigation, a common practice in most intensive orchards. We studied nutrient distribution in the soil profile following fertigation with different doses of N-P-K fertilizer, and its effect on nutrient concentrations, yield and both table olive and oil quality. Measurements were performed in an adult 'Manzanilla de Sevilla' olive orchard in which 100, 200 and 400 g N per tree and irrigation period of a 4N-1P-3K fertilizer were applied by fertigation from 1999 to 2001 (three growing seasons) and 200, 400 and 600 g N of the same fertilizer were applied in the two following growing seasons (2002-2003). A control treatment, irrigation without fertilizer, was also established. Irrigation amounts were similar in all treatments. In 2003, NO3-N, P and K concentrations in the root zone wetted by irrigation were studied: they increased with respect to those in the drying zone, showing a general linear relationship with fertilizer dose, particularly in the top soil layer where most of the olive roots were active. In the 600 g N treatment, leaching losses were observed at 0.8-0.9 m depth, possibly leading to groundwater contamination. We found an increase in fruit yield with increasing fertilizer dose, likely due to the observed greater concentrations of NO3-N, P and K in the soil. In fact, our data show a positive relationship between increased soil NO3-N, P and K availability and higher leaf N, P, K concentrations. This could have accounted for the observed increase in canopy volume, fruit number per tree and fruit weight with the amount of fertilizer. Despite the fact that fruit weight, pulp/stone ratio and volume increased with fertilizer dose, reducing sugars, necessary for olive fermentation, and pulp texture decreased. Differences in texture remained after 'Spanish-style' green olive processing. In addition, no differences were found in oil content but its quality was negatively affected with increasing fertilizer: in particular, polyphenol total content, bitterness, oxidative stability and the relation of monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased with fertilizer dose

Key odorants of the typical aroma of Sherry vinegar

A representative Sherry vinegar was analysed by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). Two GC-O techniques were used targeting compounds with impact on the perceived quality of Sherry vinegar, i.e. detection frequency and aroma extract dilution analysis. A total of 108 aromatic notes were detected and 64 of them were identified. Diacetyl, isoamyl acetate, acetic acid, and sotolon reached the highest frequency and flavour dilution (FD) factors. Ethyl acetate accounted for the maximum frequency but had only a FD factor of 4. Similarity tests were performed between the Sherry vinegar and model solutions of all possible combinations of these compounds. The highest value from the similarity test was observed when diacetyl, ethyl acetate and sotolon were added simultaneously. The profile of this model solution and the representative Sherry vinegar showed a good similarity in the general aroma description, which emphasises the important contribution of these 3 compounds to the global aroma of this vinegar

Access of women to economic autonomy through rural tourism on the island of La Palma

La división de género del mercado de trabajo en los espacios rurales repercute en el turismo rural. Las mujeres participan en menor medida que los hombres del mercado laboral y, cuando lo hacen, ocupan en mayor proporción puestos de trabajo temporal o a tiempo parcial, orientados al sector servicios. Estas características están relacionadas con la discontinuidad y flexibilidad de la demanda turística, así como con el tipo de labores que requiere la oferta de alojamiento de turismo rural. A través de un estudio cuantitativo de las personas propietarias de casas rurales de la isla de La Palma (Canarias, España), se observa que las mujeres reciben un significativo mayor porcentaje de ingresos a partir del turismo rural que los hombres. Sin embargo, estos ingresos no son suficientes como para garantizar una renta completa que permita su autonomía económica a través del turismo rural. Los resultados de este trabajo sostienen como certeza la segregación de género en el mercado laboral rural. Las evidencias obtenidas afianzan el hecho de una significativa mayor presencia de mujeres que de hombres ejerciendo el turismo rural como principal ocupación. Si bien el turismo rural no altera sustancialmente el modelo de desempeño imperante, nutriéndose de unas experiencias adquiridas por las mujeres en el ámbito doméstico y sin llegar a reportar una renta completa, supone para ellas cierto avance en el grado de su autonomía. Estos aspectos deben ser base para una acción pública que fomente el potencial de desarrollo del turismo rural desde una mayor equidad de género.The gender division in the labour market in rural areas has repercussions on rural tourism. Women participate to a lesser extent than men in the labour market and, when they do, they occupy a greater proportion of temporary or part-time jobs, oriented to the service sector. These characteristics are related to the discontinuity and flexibility of tourist demand, as well as the type of tasks required by the accommodation offer of rural tourism. Through a quantitative study of the owners of rural houses on La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain), it can be observed that women receive a significantly higher percentage of income from rural tourism than men. However, this revenue is not enough to ensure a full income that allows their economic autonomy through rural tourism. The results of this study support gender segregation in the rural labour market. The evidence obtained strengthens the fact that there is a significantly higher presence of women than men exercising rural tourism as their main occupation. Although rural tourism does not substantially alter the prevailing performance model, drawing from experiences acquired by women in the domestic sphere and without reporting a full income, this represents a certain level of progress in their degree of autonomy. These aspects should constitute the basis for public action that promotes the potential for rural tourism development with a higher degree of gender equity

El programa "Aprender a convivir" para Educación Primaria

El objetivo de la siguiente comunicación es presentar el programa de prevención universal Aprender a Convivir, favoreciendo el desarrollo de la competencia social del alumnado de Educación Primaria (6 y7 años). La competencia social hace referencia a las habilidades y estrategias sociocognitivas con las que el sujeto cuenta en la interacción social. Se incluyen habilidades sociales, autocontrol, autorregulación emocional, reforzamiento social y las habilidades de resolución de problemas que permiten al individuo hacer frente, con éxito, a las demandas de la vida diaria. El programa Aprender a Convivir (Educación Primaria), trata diferentes habilidades sociales apropiadas para el estadio evolutivo de los niños de tal modo que la dificultad de los contenidos y las actividades aumentan con el desarrollo del mismo. Compuesto por 14 unidades que engloban aspectos importantes a trabajar en esta etapa evolutiva. Se pretende que los niños adquieran destrezas en áreas de conocimiento vinculadas al comportamiento social. Por último, cabe destacar que el programa ayuda a la formación del profesorado, adaptándolo a nuestro currículo, trabajando de forma sistemática y beneficiando al alumnado.The aim of the following communication is to present the universal program of prevention "Learning to Live Together", favoring the development of student social competencies in primary education (6 and 7 years). Social competence refers to the skills and strategies in social interaction. Are included social skills, self-regulation, emotional self-regulation, strengthening social and problem-solving skills that allow the individual to cope, with success, to the demands of everyday life. The Program "Learn to Live Together" (Primary Education), deals with different social skills appropriates to the evolutionary stage of the children, the difficulty of the contents and the activities increase with the development of the same. The Program is composed of 14 units whit important aspects about work on this evolutionary stage. It is intended that the children acquire skills in the areas of knowledge related to social behavior. Finally, it should be noted that the program helps the formation of teachers, adapting it to our curriculum, working systematically and benefiting the students.peerReviewe

Efecto de una consulta nutricional protocolizada sobre el estado nutricional y hábitos alimentarios de adultos con sobrepeso y obesidad = Effect of a structured nutritional consultation on weight loss and eating habits in overweight and obese adults

Overweight and obesity affect 67% of population in Chile. Different strategies have been developed to reverse and improve this situation, nutritional consultation is one such strategy. However, consultation has not been structured and it is unknown whether this procedure has a positive effect for weight loss. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a structured nutritional consultation on weight loss and eating habits in overweight and obese adults in a family health center. A pre-post intervention study was performed with 30 participants over 3 months. Anthropometric measures (weight, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) and % body fat), dietary intake and eating habits were the main outcomes of the study. A structured nutritional consultation was significantly associated with decreased weight, BMI, WC and % body fat. There were improvements in dietary intake habits. A 92% of the participants incorporated a snack mid-morning and a daily serving of low-fat dairy. Despite benefits observed after a structured nutritional consultation, larger studies with longer duration are warranted

Instruments for assessing the risk of falls in acute hospitalized patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Falls are a serious problem for hospitalized patients, reducing the duration and quality of life. It is estimated that over 84% of all adverse events in hospitalized patients are related to falls. Some fall risk assessment tools have been developed and tested in environments other than those for which they were developed with serious validity discrepancies. The aim of this review is to determine the accuracy of instruments for detecting fall risk and predicting falls in acute hospitalized patients. Methods Systematic review and meta-analysis. Main databases, related websites and grey literature were searched. Two blinded reviewers evaluated title and abstracts of the selected articles and, if they met inclusion criteria, methodological quality was assessed in a new blinded process. Meta-analyses of diagnostic ORs (DOR) and likelihood (LH) coefficients were performed with the random effects method. Forest plots were calculated for sensitivity and specificity, DOR and LH. Additionally, summary ROC (SROC) curves were calculated for every analysis. Results Fourteen studies were selected for the review. The meta-analysis was performed with the Morse (MFS), STRATIFY and Hendrich II Fall Risk Model scales. The STRATIFY tool provided greater diagnostic validity, with a DOR value of 7.64 (4.86 - 12.00). A meta-regression was performed to assess the effect of average patient age over 65 years and the performance or otherwise of risk reassessments during the patient’s stay. The reassessment showed a significant reduction in the DOR on the MFS (rDOR 0.75, 95% CI: 0.64 - 0.89, p = 0.017). Conclusions The STRATIFY scale was found to be the best tool for assessing the risk of falls by hospitalized acutely-ill adults. However, the behaviour of these instruments varies considerably depending on the population and the environment, and so their operation should be tested prior to implementation. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of the reassessment of these instruments with respect to hospitalized adult patients, and to consider the real compliance by healthcare personnel with procedures related to patient safety, and in particular concerning the prevention of falls