Engineering students’ judgments on the favorable effect that the class context has on their academic learning

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted human life, including educational settings. In Mexico, teachers and students found it necessary to adopt the online modality at all levels. As a result, both students and teachers face new demands and a re-conceptualization of their everyday academic lives. This study explored the engineering students' perception of the favorable effect level that the class context has on their learning. There were 551 participants took a cognitive algebra study. The experimental task involved reading 12 scenarios that described hypothetical online or face-to-face learning situations; then, each participant judged the degree to which these types of situations favor their learning, using an 11-point scale. The results indicated three cognitive styles when judging the degree to which each class context favors the learning. These styles share a similar cognitive mechanism in terms of information integration; however, the selection process and valuation of the factors differed across the groups. The students' perception on the class context influences their involvement and motivation level for courses on which they are enrolled. The present study's findings suggest that the cognitive algebra approach helps diagnose students' cognitive and emotional approach styles for different class contexts and provides information about the nature of their cognitive processes in terms of how students' judgments and attitudes towards classes are generated

Cognitive Meaning of Inclusive Education of Students with Disability in Regular Education Teachers

Background: Successful inclusive education strongly represents the development of society, promoting better living conditions for students with disabilities. Objective: This study explored the mental representation of knowledge of inclusive education and disability held by regular education teachers with experience in this field. Methods: First, participants performed a conceptual definition task through the Natural Semantic Networks technique. Teachers defined ten target concepts related to the cognitive schema of inclusive education. They had 60 seconds to define each target, using verbs, adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, after rating the definers’ quality to conceptualize the target. Subsequently, the authors implemented a constraint satisfaction neural network to simulate the school inclusion schema's behavior and carried out a chronometric cognitive analysis using data from the first study. Results: Participants organized the educative inclusion meaning on four dimensions (definition, actors' qualities, stakeholders, and inclusion program effects). However, some concepts about school integration and conventional education appeared in the educative inclusion schema. Further, computer simulations showed that participants seem to have an internal locus of control over inclusive actions. Generally, experience with students with disabilities promotes the formation of a favorable educational inclusion schema. However, even though participants in this study have experience in inclusion programs, they are still constructing the inclusive education schema. Conclusion: The cognitive evaluation provides useful information to empower teachers to be aware of their knowledge and biases on inclusive education and the importance of their work in the success of school inclusion programs

Functional Measurement of Special Education Teachers' and Students' Expectations Toward Job Training for Persons with Intellectual Disability

Persons with intellectual disability (PWID) have fewer opportunities for enrolment in school programs and post-school employment than do their peers with typical development. Evidence suggests that attitude toward PWID is a main factor in either promoting or limiting better life conditions for this population. In this paper, the goal was to determine the cognitive information integration rules underlying the expectations of 174 special education teachers and students with regard to job training for PWID. In order to accomplish this goal, four factors (Gender, Severity of disability, Type of task, and Emotional traits) were orthogonally combined to implement a cognitive algebra study design. We obtained 48 experimental conditions, with each one presented as a scenario describing a PWID in a work training situation. Participants read these scenarios and were asked to judge the probability of the success of PWID with regard to learning the skills needed to complete the required work. Patterns of response allowed us to identify low, moderate, and high viewpoints with regard to participants' judgments of predicted success. Personal factors (Emotional traits and Severity of disability) and the Type of task factor were considered the most important in influencing the participants' judgment. These factors seemed to be integrated in a complex systematic cognitive pattern. Implications from this type of result with regard to PWID and work training are discussed in this paper

La Gestion de los observatorios en la internacionalización de la Educacion Superior en America Latina

In this research we analyze the role of academic observatories for the internationalization of higher education, seeking to strengthen the linkage, interaction and integration of the various Latin American universities, both public and private, in order to manage the negotiation of education in the internationalization. The decision-making of educational institutions is supported by the analysis of updated information, clear and precise, these decisions promote the adaptation of new models of education crediting them in an international context, with the intention of qualifying the improvement of quality in the education and potentiate the development of the international, national and local economy to promote and promote the academic development of education, UNESCO works to create favorable conditions for collaboration between different societies, avoiding the disparity between the different countriesEn la presente investigación analizamos el papel de los observatorios académicos para la internacionalización de la educación superior, buscando fortalecer la vinculación, interacción e integración de las diversas universidades de América Latina, tanto pública como privada con la finalidad de gestionar la negociación de la educación en la internacionalización. La toma de decisiones de las instituciones educativas es sustentada con el análisis de información actualizada, clara y precisa, dichas decisiones promueven la adaptación de  los nuevos modelos de educación acreditándolos en un contexto internacional, con la intención de matizar el mejoramiento de la calidad en la educación y potencializar el desarrollo de la economía internacional, nacional y local para impulsar y promover el desarrollo académico de la educación, la UNESCO obra por crear condiciones propicias para la colaboración entre las distintas sociedades, evitando la disparidad entre los diversos paíse

Educación integral para el éxito profesional del Administrador

Education in Mexico has been the subject of study for decades, in media such as international congresses, public policies, plans and government programs that have determined the importance it has in teaching and transcendence for the training of students in basic education articulated with educational programs that lead to integral education, seen as the formation of aspects: intellectual, emotional, social, physical, that strengthen children and thus acquire the skills and values ​​to face a demanding and competitive society as professionals. The research was conducted in 3 primary schools in the city of Puebla, all agreed that students graduate with low academic performance, lack of values ​​and poor skills, so when they arrive at the University where we receive them, they present weaknesses in knowledge, commitment, responsibility. Therefore it is necessary to implement a model of Integral Education with which the necessary knowledge and skills are obtained that in turn would motivate them to enter the University and likewise would graduate with the skills that allow them a better performance as professionals to occupy a place in the MSMEs that represent 90% of the Companies in Puebla and generate 72% of employment (INEGI 2017) being the source of subsistence for the Poblana societyLa educación en México ha sido objeto de estudio por décadas, en medios como congresos internacionales, políticas publicas, planes y programas de gobierno que han determinando la importancia que tiene en la enseñanza y trascedencia para la formación de los alumnos de educaciòn básica,  articulada con los programas educativos que conllevan a la educación integral, vista como la formación de los aspectos: intelectual, emocional, social, físico, que fortalezcan a los chicos y de esta forma adquieran las competencias y valores para enfrentar una sociedad exigente y competitiva como profesionistas. La investigación se realizó en 3 escuelas primarias de la ciudad de Puebla, todas coincidieron en que los estudiantes egresan con bajo rendimiento académico, con falta de valores y deficientes destrezas, por lo que al llegar a la Universidad donde los recibimos presentan debilidades en los conocimientos, compromiso, responsabilidad. Por lo tanto, es necesario implementar un modelo de Educación Integral con el que se obtengan los conocimientos y habilidades necesarias que a su vez los motivaría para ingresar a la Universidad y así mismo egresarían con las competencias que les permita un mejor desempeño como profesonistas para ocupar un lugar en las MiPyMES que representan el 90% de las Empresas en Puebla y generan el 72 % del empleo (INEGI 2017) siendo la fuente de subsistencia para la sociedad Poblana

Cognitive Algebra Underlying Special Education Teachers' and Psychology Students' Attitudes Towards School Inclusion of People with Intellectual Disability

Attitudes towards regular school inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are affected by factors such as disability severity, educational level, and teacher experience. Nevertheless, the ways that teachers integrate these factors to form inclusion judgments remains unclear. The current paper explores what systematic cognitive algebra rules are used to cognitively integrate this set of inclusion factors by special education teachers and psychology students. To do so, 469 special education teachers and psychology students were asked to take part in two experimental cognitive algebra studies. In each study, participants had to read a set of school inclusion scenarios and rate the probability that a scenario actor with ID could be successfully integrated into a regular school program. To this purpose, factor effects on successful school inclusion and ID related to individuality, situational aspects, and contextual considerations (e.g., school environment, grade level taught) were explored. Results suggested that participants showed attitudes to school inclusion ranking from light to moderate positive values. Situational factors, as well as context factors, were judged to be more significant than other factors in elementary education. These factors were integrated by following a cognitive summative rule. Overall, judgment for successful school inclusion follows a summative rule to integrate sources of information. This rule is maintained irrespective of the disability under consideration. However, valuation of each source of information does depend on the type of the current study sample. Implications of these results for inclusion of people with disabilities in regular schools are discussed in this paper

New Approaches to E-Cognitive Assessment of E-Learning

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Automatic information processing bias to stress factors by older adults with and without diabetes

A sample of 65 older adults (with and without diabetes) as well as a sample of 84 healthy young people were required to take affective priming studies to compare recognition latencies of stress related word pairs against recognition latencies of positive, negative and neutral word pairs. Moreover, older adults took a stress questionnaire related to relevant disturbing events in the third age. The goal was to test any automatic emotional processing bias to these events. Results suggested that even when people with diabetes obtained low stress test scores, they showed automatic cognitive bias to process stressful events differently than older adults without diabetes and young people. This suggested that people with diabetes patients’ controlled strategies to cope with stress might not be aware of such an automatic cognitive bias. It is argued that this information processing style to stressful events makes patients prone to cognitive emotional vulnerability

Contributions to the Cognitive Study of Facial Recognition on Down Syndrome: A New Approximation to Exploring Facial Emotion Processing Style

Background: This paper aimed to explore the ability of people with Down syndrome (PWDS) in recognizing facial emotion by considering automatic cognitive processing levels of face recognition. Method: A sample of PWDS and participants with typical development (PWTD) participated in a set of two affective priming studies. In each study, participants had to categorize an emotional or neutral target face that was preceded by another emotional face. Stimuli presentation for each facial set (one face after another) was conducted by using an stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of 300 ms with the inter-stimulus interval (ISI) set at 50 ms. The first affective priming study manipulated emotion congruency between prime and target emotional faces to explore emotion classification abilities and to identify the cognitive mechanisms underlying automatic recognition of some emotional faces. The second study explored the effect that gender of a face has over categorization of facial emotion and difficulty in recognizing negative facial expressions. Results: The results strongly suggest that not all of the PWDS present difficulties in recognizing negative facial emotions. PWDS' performance pattern in categorizing emotion was similar to that of PWTDs if they had to use broad classification categories (e.g., emotion vs. no emotion). However, differences between both samples occurred if PWDS had to use a specific category task (e.g., classification of happiness, sadness, etc.). Conclusions: At least two emotion information processing styles can be identified in PWDS. Methodological and theoretical implications for exploring the emotional capabilities of people with DS are discussed