Evaluation of lithium chronic effects on thyroid tissues and its secreted hormones in female rats

زمینه و هدف: لیتیوم عنصری از خانواده فلزات قلیائی است که در ترکیبات دارویی به کار رفته و در درمان اختلالات روانی، کم کاری تیروئید و افسردگی کاربرد دارد. این مطالعه به منظور تعیین اثرات مزمن لیتیوم بر بافت تیروئید و هورمون های مترشحه آن و همچنین تیروتروپین در موش صحرایی ماده انجام شد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی 48 موش های صحرایی ماده نژاد Wistar مورد آزمایش قرار گرفتند. برای هر گروه به صورت تصادفی 8 عدد موش صحرایی ماده با سه بار تکرار در نظرگرفته شد. به گروه تجربی به مدت 40 روز، یک روز در میان مقدار mg/kg 180 وزن بدن کربنات لیتیوم محلول در آب مقطر، به صورت داخل صفاقی (I.P) در ساعت 8 صبح تزریق می شد و به گروه کنترل به همان نسبت آب مقطر تزریق شد. در پایان 40 روز، موش ها تحت بیهوشی قرار گرفتند و خونگیری از بطن چپ به عمل آمد. پس از خونگیری، غده تیروئید از بدن خارج گردید و پس از انجام معاینات تشریحی، در محلول فرمالین10 عمل فیکساسیون انجام گرفت. سنجش هورمونی سرم خون، به کمک روش رادیوایمنواسی انجام شد. ساختار غده تیروئید به کمک میکروسکوپ نوری، بررسی شد. یافته ها: بر اساس نتایج پس از تزریق کاهش قابل توجهی در وزن تیروئید گروه تجربی نسبت به گروه شاهد به دست آمد (02/0=P). همچنین کاهش هورمون تیروتروپین (TSH) در گروه تجربی نسبت به گروه شاهد معنی دار بود (003/0P=). این در حالی بود که هورمون های تیروکسین (T4) و تری یدوتیرونین (T3) در گروه تجربی نسبت به گروه شاهد افزایش معنی داری داشتند (001/0P=). نتیجه گیری: با توجه به اثرات پایدار لیتیوم بر وزن تیروئید و سطوح سرمی TSH، T3 و T4 تجویز محتاطانه تر این نوع از داروها توسط پزشکان ضرورت دارد. همچنین بهتر است قبل از شروع دوره درمان، بیماران را از احتمال ایجاد مشکلات تیروئیدی آگاه نمود

Prevalence of Untreated Canals and Their Association with Periapical Periodontitis Using Cone-beam Computed Tomography

Introduction: Untreated canals represent the primary cause of treatment failure in molars and the second leading cause in other dental groups. This study determined the prevalence of untreated canals and their relationship with periapical periodontitis using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Materials and Methods: 385 CBCT images with at least one treated canal were selected from the oral and maxillofacial radiology center. The number of roots and canals, presence, and size of periapical pathology, and presence of untreated canals were recorded. The study used descriptive statistics and Chi-square, Fisher's exact, and odds ratio tests to analyze data. Results: Of the 2053 teeth examined, 14.9% had at least one untreated canal. Untreated canals in teeth increase the chance of having a periapical lesion, raising the prevalence by 11 times. Of these, 91.8% had both untreated canals and periapical lesions. This was more than teeth without untreated canals (35.8%). Most untreated canals were in maxillary molars (65.3%), and mandibular molars (12.54%). There was a statistically significant relationship (P<0.001) between the number of roots, canals, expansion, destruction, and jaw type with the prevalence of untreated canals. The maxillary first molar (68.66%) and second mesiobuccal (MB2) canal (63.27%) had the highest percentages of untreated canals. Conclusions: The MB2 had the highest prevalence of untreated canals. The presence of untreated canals significantly increased the risk of expansion and/or destruction. Therefore, identifying these conditions can also be useful in diagnosing untreated canals. Dentists should assess the anatomy of the tooth and the structure of the root canal to minimize the possibility of an untreated canal. CBCT can assist in this process

Hemangioblastoma of the Central Nervous System: A Case Series of Patients Surgically Treated at

Objective: Hemangioblastoma refers to a benign vascular neoplasm that comprises stromal and capillary cells. Based on the classification of nervous system tumors proposed by the World Health Organization, hemangioblastomas are classified as Grade I meningeal tumors of uncertain origin. These tumors are found almost exclusively in the central nervous system (CNS) and account for 0.9 to 2.1% of all primary CNS tumors.Methods: In this descriptive retrospective study, the archives of pathology reports were reviewed in the department of pathology of Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital and patients with definite diagnosis of hemangioblastoma made through histpopathological examinations during 2004-2014 were identified. Age, gender and the location of tumor were extracted from the medical records and entered into SPSS statistical software v.22 for analysis.Results: A total of 30 patients including 16 males (53.3%) and 14 females (46.7%) were identified. The mean age of the patients was calculated to be 41.2±13.47 years, ranging from 19 to 62 years old. The majority of lesions had been found in the cerebellum of the patients (93.3%); only one had occurred in the cerebrum (3.3%) and another in the fourth ventricle (3.3%). Conclusion: Cerebellum is the most commonly affected location in patients with CNS hemangioblastomas, and a male preponderance is observed in these cases.

Effects of Hip Exercises on the pain Severity in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome

Introduction: Patellofemoral pain syndrome is associated with a decrease in hip muscles strength, especially abductor and external rotator muscles. Hip abductors with femoral control have an effect on the frontal plane on the knee valgus, and the increased hip abduction capacity helps these patients. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of abductor and adductor exercises in addition to the knee exercises in knee joint pain in patients with Patellofemoral pain syndrome. Method: This is a clinical trial study conducted on patients suffering from patellar-femoral pain syndrome who visited the Sports Medicine department of the Imam Khomeini Hospital Clinic. The NRPS questionnaire was used to evaluate the patients’ pain severity SPSS version 16 was used for statistical analysis of the data. Results: The mean age of the patients in abductor group was 33.4±6.1 and in adductor group was 33.7±7.3, but this difference was not significant (P=0.1). The results of this study showed that in the abductor and adductor group, the results of all of the statistical tests on the change in the Scores of the questionnaires and tests after 6 weeks of training exercises were statistically significant (P<0.05). the comparison of the scores between the two groups showed only the difference between the mean scores of Step down between the two groups of adductor and abductor, which was statistical significance after exercises (P=0.03). Conclusion: Based on the presented study, 6 weeks of abductor and adductor muscle exercises, and specially abductor muscles, helps reduce pain and the improve joint function in patients suffering from patellofemoral pain syndrome

Investigation of nitrate and nitrite concentration and other physicochemical parameters of drinking water sources in Saveh city during the year of 2018

Abstract   Background and Purpose:Qualitative parameters of drinking water such as concentration of nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, total soluble solids, sodium, magnesium, fluoride, total hardness and electrical conductivity can play an important role in groundwater resources and are mainly related to agriculture, waste disposal areas and sewage. The aim of this study was to determine these parameters in drinking groundwater resource of Saveh city using Geographic Information System during the year of 2018 and investigation of contaminant’s in the region’s aquifer. Materials and Methods:This research is a descriptive-analytic study. 120 samples of water from 12 drinking water wells were prepared in spring and two times in the morning and afternoon in different parts of the city of Saveh. The quality parameters of drinking water, including concentration of nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, total soluble solids, sodium, magnesium, fluoride, total hardness and electrical conductivity were entered into the GIS software and stored in a database and then processed by the information system software, color mapping was prepared and geographical maps (GIS) were mapped to qualitative status. Also, reverse interpolation was used to estimate the conditions of the whole region. Findings:The average concentration of chlorine, sulfate, electrical conductivity, total soluble solids, total hardness and sodium exceeds the permissible limits, and the non-qualitative water conditions are quite evident. Also, the amount of two magnesium and sulfate ions was above the standard 1053. It should be kept in mind that the high levels of these two ions can interfere with the digestive system. Fluoride and nitrate levels were also acceptable range in all areas. Conclusion:The highest deviation level from 1053 standard was for total soluble solids, sodium, magnesium, and sulfate. It is better to consider a comprehensive program to solve the problem, including use of nanotechnology, filtering or ion exchange

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Face-to-face and Internet-based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Cognitive Distortions and Emotion Regulation in Adolescents with Social Anxiety Disorder

People with social anxiety face barriers to treatment under the pretext of avoiding interaction and the discomfort of self-disclosure. Using remote health services may be an alternative, but there is no research evidence on the effectiveness of Internet-based methods in social anxiety.Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effectiveness of face-to-face and Internet-based cognitive-behavioral therapy on cognitive distortions and emotion regulation in adolescents with social anxiety.The present study was a field experiment. A total of 51 adolescents with social anxiety disorder were selected by cluster sampling method and randomly assigned to three face-to-face, Internet-based, and control therapy groups. Three groups were interviewed at the beginning and end of the study and answered the social anxiety screening questionnaire (SASA) Levpušček & Videc (2008 ), cognitive distortion questionnaire (CDQ) Beck and Wismann(1978), and emotion regulation questionnaire (ERQ) Jojn and Gross(2003).The two experimental groups underwent therapeutic intervention during ten weekly sessions.The results of ANKOVA analysis showed that both forms of intervention effectively reduced cognitive distortions, improved emotion regulation, and reduced symptoms of social anxiety.Also, the results of MANKOVA analysis showed that in the components of the need to please others and repression, face-to-face intervention only was effective.None of the intervention methods significantly affected the two components of success and perfectionism. In general, in all variables, the impact of the face-to-face intervention was greater than the Internet-based intervention.These results can support the use of Internet-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for adolescents with social anxiety disorder who, due to circumstances, are unable to benefit from face-to-face treatmen

The Study of Retinoic Acid Effects on Testicular Development of NMRI Mice

Background & Objectives: Retinoids are important molecules that regulate crucial processes of development in all vertebrates. In this article, we study the effect of retinoic acid on testis development. Materials & Methods: A group of newborn NMRI mice was chosen to receive intraperitoneally injections of 25 mg/Kg.b.w of retinoic acid and the control group had no injection. After 21 days, the male animals were isolated and sacrificed in 60 days postpartum, and testes were removed from their bodies. Apparent characteristics of the testes of seven mice from each group were observed. In the light microscopic study, these epithelial cells of the tubules were counted and the diameter of seminiferous tubules were measured with statistical T-test analysis and were compared with control group. Results: The findings showed that the weight of the testes in animals that were affected by retinoic acid did not change significantly compared to control group. In germ epithelium of testis, the thickness of the epithelium and the number of the spermatogonia, round and elongated spermatids has decreased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings of this article, using the retinoic acid after birth has influence on testis development and its seminiferous tubules epithelium. Retinoic acid has an adverse effect on the cell divisions in seminiferous epithelium, therefore the number of affected germ cells decrease. Therefore, the use of vitamin A and its synthetic derivatives like retinoic acid for pregnant women should be done with caution

Medicinal plants - prophylactic and therapeutic options for gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets? A systematic review.

BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets lead to significant economic losses in livestock husbandry. A high morbidity has been reported for diarrhea (calves ≤ 35 %; piglets ≤ 50 %) and for respiratory diseases (calves ≤ 80 %; piglets ≤ 40 %). Despite a highly diverse etiology and pathophysiology of these diseases, treatment with antimicrobials is often the first-line therapy. Multi-antimicrobial resistance in pathogens results in international accordance to strengthen the research in novel treatment options. Medicinal plants bear a potential as alternative or additional treatment. Based on the versatile effects of their plant specific multi-component-compositions, medicinal plants can potentially act as 'multi-target drugs'. Regarding the plurality of medicinal plants, the aim of this systematic review was to identify potential medicinal plant species for prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases and for modulation of the immune system and inflammation in calves and piglets. RESULTS Based on nine initial sources including standard textbooks and European ethnoveterinary studies, a total of 223 medicinal plant species related to the treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases was identified. A defined search strategy was established using the PRISMA statement to evaluate 30 medicinal plant species starting from 20'000 peer-reviewed articles published in the last 20 years (1994-2014). This strategy led to 418 references (257 in vitro, 84 in vivo and 77 clinical trials, thereof 48 clinical trials in veterinary medicine) to evaluate effects of medicinal plants and their efficacy in detail. The findings indicate that the most promising candidates for gastrointestinal diseases are Allium sativum L., Mentha x piperita L. and Salvia officinalis L.; for diseases of the respiratory tract Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH, Thymus vulgaris L. and Althea officinalis L. were found most promising, and Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH, Camellia sinensis (L.) KUNTZE, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Origanum vulgare L. were identified as best candidates for modulation of the immune system and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Several medicinal plants bear a potential for novel treatment strategies for young livestock. There is a need for further research focused on gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets, and the findings of this review provide a basis on plant selection for future studies