826 research outputs found
The Role of Education for Intergenerational Income Mobility: A comparison of the United States, Great Britain, and Sweden
Previous studies have found that intergenerational income persistence is relatively high in the United States and Britain, especially as compared to Nordic countries. We compare the association between family income and sons’ earnings in the United States (National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979), Britain (British Cohort Study 1970), and Sweden (Population Register Data, 1965 cohort), and find that both income elasticities and rank-order correlations are highest in the United States, followed by Britain, with Sweden being clearly more equal. We ask whether differences in educational inequality and in return to qualifications can explain these cross-country differences. Surprisingly, we find that this is not the case, even though returns to education are higher in the United States. Instead, the low income mobility in the United States and Britain is almost entirely due to the part of the parent-son association that is not mediated by educational attainment. In the United States and especially Britain, parental income is far more important for earnings at a given level of education than in Sweden, a result that holds also when controlling for cognitive ability. This goes against widespread ideas of the United States as a country where the role of ascription is limited and meritocratic stratification prevails
Interventions with family caregivers of cancer patients: meta-analysis of randomized trials
Family caregivers of cancer patients receive little preparation, information, or support to perform their caregiving role. However, their psychosocial needs must be addressed so they can maintain their own health and provide the best possible care to the patient. The purpose of this article is to analyze the types of interventions offered to family caregivers of cancer patients, and to determine the effect of these interventions on various caregiver outcomes. Meta-analysis was used to analyze data obtained from 29 randomized clinical trials published from 1983 through March 2009. Three types of interventions were offered to caregivers: psychoeducational, skills training, and therapeutic counseling. Most interventions were delivered jointly to patients and caregivers, but they varied considerably with regard to dose and duration. The majority of caregivers were female (64%) and Caucasian (84%), and ranged in age from 18 to 92 years (mean age, 55 years). Meta-analysis indicated that although these interventions had small to medium effects, they significantly reduced caregiver burden, improved caregivers' ability to cope, increased their self-efficacy, and improved aspects of their quality of life. Various intervention characteristics were also examined as potential moderators. Clinicians need to deliver research-tested interventions to help caregivers and patients cope effectively and maintain their quality of life
Examining relationships between resilience protective factors and moral distress among student nurses
Aim: The purpose of this study was to identify relationships between resilience protective factors (RPFs) and moral distress among baccalaureate nursing students.
Background: Students report moral distress associated with clinical practicum experiences. Enhancing resilience may minimize moral distress and associated consequences.
Method: Correlation, pilot study. Two previously tested instruments were used to measure moral distress (Moral Distress Thermometer) and RPFs (Scale of Protective Factors).
Results: Aggregate mean more distress rating was 3.67. Two of four RPF subcategories demonstrated a significant inverse correlation with moral distress rating. Inverse correlations were found between social support and moral distress (r = -.27, p \u3c .05), and between goal efficacy and moral distress (r = -.37, p \u3c .01). Total resilience scores also demonstrated a weak inverse correlation with moral distress (r = -.24, p \u3c .05).
Conclusions: Findings help educators prioritize resilience enhancing educational strategies
Radiation from the LTB black hole
Does a dynamical black hole embedded in a cosmological FRW background emit
Hawking radiation where a globally defined event horizon does not exist? What
are the differences to the Schwarzschild black hole? What about the first law
of black hole mechanics? We face these questions using the LTB cosmological
black hole model recently published. Using the Hamilton-Jacobi and radial null
geodesic-methods suitable for dynamical cases, we show that it is the apparent
horizon which contributes to the Hawking radiation and not the event horizon.
The Hawking temperature is calculated using the two different methods giving
the same result. The first law of LTB black hole dynamics and the thermal
character of the radiation is also dealt with.Comment: 9 pages, revised version, Europhysics Letter 2012 97 2900
Do we know the mass of a black hole? Mass of some cosmological black hole models
Using a cosmological black hole model proposed recently, we have calculated
the quasi-local mass of a collapsing structure within a cosmological setting
due to different definitions put forward in the last decades to see how similar
or different they are. It has been shown that the mass within the horizon
follows the familiar Brown-York behavior. It increases, however, outside the
horizon again after a short decrease, in contrast to the Schwarzschild case.
Further away, near the void, outside the collapsed region, and where the
density reaches the background minimum, all the mass definitions roughly
coincide. They differ, however, substantially far from it. Generically, we are
faced with three different Brown-York mass maxima: near the horizon, around the
void between the overdensity region and the background, and another at
cosmological distances corresponding to the cosmological horizon. While the
latter two maxima are always present, the horizon mass maxima is absent before
the onset of the central singularity.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures, revised version, accepted in General Relativity
and Gravitatio
Conformational effects on the Circular Dichroism of Human Carbonic Anhydrase II: a multilevel computational study
Circular Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is a powerful method for investigating conformational changes in proteins and therefore has numerous applications in structural and molecular biology. Here a computational investigation of the CD spectrum of the Human Carbonic Anhydrase II (HCAII), with main focus on the near-UV CD spectra of the wild-type enzyme and it seven tryptophan mutant forms, is presented and compared to experimental studies. Multilevel computational methods (Molecular Dynamics, Semiempirical Quantum Mechanics, Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory) were applied in order to gain insight into the mechanisms of interaction between the aromatic chromophores within the protein environment and understand how the conformational flexibility of the protein influences these mechanisms. The analysis suggests that combining CD semi empirical calculations, crystal structures and molecular dynamics (MD) could help in achieving a better agreement between the computed and experimental protein spectra and provide some unique insight into the dynamic nature of the mechanisms of chromophore interactions
Interventions with Family Caregivers of Cancer Patients: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials
Family caregivers of cancer patients receive little preparation, information, or support to carry out their caregiving role. However, their psychosocial needs must be addressed so they can maintain their own health and provide the best possible care to the patient. The purpose of this article was to analyze the types of interventions offered to family caregivers of cancer patients, and to determine the effect of these interventions on various caregiver outcomes. Meta-analysis was used to analyze data obtained from 29 randomized clinical trials, published from 1983 to March, 2009. Three types of interventions were offered to caregivers: psychoeducational, skills training, and therapeutic counseling. Most interventions were delivered jointly to patients and caregivers, but they varied considerably on dose and duration. The majority of caregivers was female (64%), Caucasian (84%), and ranged from 18 to 92 years of age (mean 55). Meta-analysis indicated that although these interventions had small to medium effects, they significantly reduced caregiver burden, improved caregivers’ ability to cope, increased their self-efficacy, and improved aspects of their quality of life. Various intervention characteristics were also examined as potential moderators. Clinicians need to deliver research-tested interventions to help caregivers and patients cope effectively and maintain their quality of life
Scintillation time dependence and pulse shape discrimination in liquid argon
Using a single-phase liquid argon detector with a signal yield of 4.85
photoelectrons per keV of electronic-equivalent recoil energy (keVee), we
measure the scintillation time dependence of both electronic and nuclear
recoils in liquid argon down to 5 keVee. We develop two methods of pulse shape
discrimination to distinguish between electronic and nuclear recoils. Using one
of these methods, we measure a background and statistics-limited level of
electronic recoil contamination to be between 60 and 128 keV
of nuclear recoil energy (keVr) for a nuclear recoil acceptance of 50% with no
nuclear recoil-like events above 72 keVr. Finally, we develop a maximum
likelihood method of pulse shape discrimination using the measured
scintillation time dependence and predict the sensitivity to WIMP-nucleon
scattering in three configurations of a liquid argon dark matter detector.Comment: 13 pages, 14 figures, Revision 3 (published
Randomized clinical trial of a brief and extensive dyadic intervention for advanced cancer patients and their family caregivers
Background Few intervention programs assist patients and their family caregivers to manage advanced cancer and maintain their quality of life (QOL). This study examined (i) whether patient–caregiver dyads (i.e., pairs) randomly assigned to a brief or extensive dyadic intervention (the FOCUS Program) had better outcomes than dyads randomly assigned to usual care and (ii) whether patients' risk for distress and other factors moderated the effect of the brief or extensive program on outcomes. Methods Advanced cancer patients and their caregivers ( N = 484 dyads) were stratified by patients' baseline risk for distress (high versus low), cancer type (lung, colorectal, breast, or prostate), and research site and then randomly assigned to a brief (three‐session) or extensive (six‐session) intervention or control. The interventions offered dyads information and support. Intermediary outcomes were appraisals (i.e., appraisal of illness/caregiving, uncertainty, and hopelessness) and resources (i.e., coping, interpersonal relationships, and self‐efficacy). The primary outcome was QOL. Data were collected prior to intervention and post‐intervention (3 and 6 months from baseline). The final sample was 302 dyads. Repeated measures MANCOVA was used to evaluate outcomes. Results Significant group by time interactions showed that there was an improvement in dyads' coping ( p < 0.05), self‐efficacy ( p < 0.05), and social QOL ( p < 0.01) and in caregivers' emotional QOL ( p < 0.05). Effects varied by intervention dose. Most effects were found at 3 months only. Risk for distress accounted for very few moderation effects. Conclusions Both brief and extensive programs had positive outcomes for patient–caregiver dyads, but few sustained effects. Patient–caregiver dyads benefit when viewed as the ‘unit of care’. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/96760/1/pon3036.pd
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