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Bioinspired snapping-claw apparatus to study hydrodynamic cavitation effects on the corrosion of metallic samples
A creative low-cost and compact mechanical device that mimics the rapid closure of the pistol shrimp claw was used to conduct electrochemical experiments, in order to study the effects of hydrodynamic cavitation on the corrosion of aluminum and steel samples. Current-time curves show significant changes associated with local variations in dissolved O2 concentration, cavitation-induced erosion and changes in the nature of the surface corrosion products
Π§Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°, Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ· ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π₯ΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠΊΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ: ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉ
Introduction. Radiation therapy (RT) has been widely used since the 1970s in the treatment of Hodgkinβs lymphoma. RT increases the risk of secondary malignancies and heart disease including coronary artery disease, noncoronary atherosclerotic valvular disease, valvular dysfunction, pericardial disease and radiation induced vasculopathy.Case Presentation. We describe a case of a patient with 4 secondary malignancies due to previous RT including parotid mucoepidermoid carcinoma, breast multicentric infiltrating ducta, thyroid papillary microcarcinoma with follicular pattern and lung adenocarcinoma that later presented with severe constrictive pericarditis, which led to an emergency pericardiectomy β all of these were complications of her previous radiotherapy. She received a prompt diagnosis and treatment.\Discussion. Radiation-induced vascular disease (RIVD) occurs due to endothelial injury following RT; patients have up to 3β4 fold increase in risk of myocardial infarction due to CAD, therefore screening of CAD with a CT coronary angiography is recommended to begin 5 years after receiving RT in patients 45 and older and 10 years after RT in patients <45 years old. Radiation induced secondary malignancies (RISM) are seen in 17β19 % of cases and the risk increases by time since last RT session. Many factors contribute to the risk severity of developing RISM such as age of radiation, dosage and size of the area irradiated, and radiation technique. Lung and breast cancer are the most common forms of second malignancy. A prompt screening, diagnosis and treatment of the RT complications are vital and should be prioritized in every control.ΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΡΡΠ΅Π²Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ (ΠΠ’) Π΄Π»Ρ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π₯ΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠΊΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ 1970-Ρ
Π³Π³. ΠΠ’ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°, Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ², Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ², Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠΊΡΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ.ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ 4 Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ’: ΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ, ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ, ΠΏΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ° Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΊ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π₯ΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠΊΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.ΠΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ. Π£ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΠΠ‘ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠ° ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² 3β4 ΡΠ°Π·Π°, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΠΠ‘ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΠ’-ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· 5 Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΠ’ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ 45 Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· 10 Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΠ’ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ <45 Π»Π΅Ρ. Π Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² 17β19 % ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π²; ΡΠΈΡΠΊ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ: Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡ, Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π°, ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π Π°ΠΊ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π‘Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ’ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ
Bose-Einstein condensate dark matter phase transition from finite temperature symmetry breaking of Klein-Gordon fields
In this paper the thermal evolution of scalar field dark matter particles at
finite cosmological temperatures is studied. Starting with a real scalar field
in a thermal bath and using the one loop quantum corrections potential, we
rewrite Klein-Gordon's (KG) equation in its hydrodynamical representation and
study the phase transition of this scalar field due to a Z_2 symmetry breaking
of its potential. A very general version of a nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation
is obtained. When introducing Madelung's representation, the continuity and
momentum equations for a non-ideal SFDM fluid are formulated, and the
cosmological scenario with the SFDM described in analogy to an imperfect fluid
is then considered where dissipative contributions are obtained in a natural
way.Additional terms appear compared to those obtained in the classical version
commonly used to describe the \LambdaCDM model, i.e., the ideal fluid. The
equations and parameters that characterize the physical properties of the
system such as its energy, momentum and viscous flow are related to the
temperature of the system, scale factor, Hubble's expansion parameter and the
matter energy density. Finally, some details on how galaxy halos and smaller
structures might be able to form by condensation of this SF are given.Comment: Substantial changes have been made to the paper, following the
referees recommendations. 16 pages. Published in Classical and Quantum
Gravit
Co-phasing the Large Binocular Telescope: status and performance of LBTI/PHASECam
The Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer is a NASA-funded nulling and
imaging instrument designed to coherently combine the two 8.4-m primary mirrors
of the LBT for high-sensitivity, high-contrast, and high-resolution infrared
imaging (1.5-13 um). PHASECam is LBTI's near-infrared camera used to measure
tip-tilt and phase variations between the two AO-corrected apertures and
provide high-angular resolution observations. We report on the status of the
system and describe its on-sky performance measured during the first semester
of 2014. With a spatial resolution equivalent to that of a 22.8-meter telescope
and the light-gathering power of single 11.8-meter mirror, the co-phased LBT
can be considered to be a forerunner of the next-generation extremely large
telescopes (ELT).Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, SPIE Conference proceeding
A Role for the Cannabinoid 1 Receptor in Neuronal Differentiation of Adult Spinal Cord Progenitors in vitro is Revealed through Pharmacological Inhibition and Genetic Deletion
In contrast to the adult brain, the adult spinal cord is a non-neurogenic environment. Understanding how to manipulate the spinal cord environment to promote the formation of new neurons is an attractive therapeutic strategy for spinal cord injury and disease. The cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) has been implicated as a modulator of neural progenitor cell proliferation and fate specification in the brain; however, no evidence exists for modulation of adult spinal cord progenitor cells. Using adult rat spinal cord primary cultures, we demonstrated that CB1R antagonism with AM251 significantly decreased the number of Nestin(+) cells, and increased the number of Ξ²III tubulin(+) and DCX(+) cells, indicative of neuronal differentiation. AM251βs effect was blocked by co-application of the CB1R agonists, WIN 55, 212-2, or ACEA. Consistent with our hypothesis, cultures, and spinal cord slices derived from CB1R knock-out (CB1β/β) mice had significantly higher levels of DCX(+) cells compared to those derived from wild type (CB1+/+) mice, indicative of enhanced neuronal differentiation in CB1β/β spinal cords. Moreover, AM251 promoted neuronal differentiation in CB1+/+, but not in CB1β/β cultures. Since CB1R modulates synaptic transmission, and synaptic transmission has been shown to influence progenitor cell fate, we evaluated whether AM251-induced neuronal differentiation was affected by chronic inactivity. Either the presence of the voltage-dependent sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX), or the removal of mature neurons, inhibited the AM251-induced increase in DCX(+) cells. In summary, antagonism or absence of CB1R promotes neuronal differentiation in adult spinal cords, and this action appears to require TTX-sensitive neuronal activity. Our data suggest that the previously detected elevated levels of endocannabinoids in the injured adult spinal cord could contribute to the non-neurogenic environment and CB1R antagonists could potentially be used to enhance replacement of damaged neurons
Exoplanet science with the LBTI: instrument status and plans
The Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer (LBTI) is a strategic instrument
of the LBT designed for high-sensitivity, high-contrast, and high-resolution
infrared (1.5-13 m) imaging of nearby planetary systems. To carry out a
wide range of high-spatial resolution observations, it can combine the two
AO-corrected 8.4-m apertures of the LBT in various ways including direct
(non-interferometric) imaging, coronagraphy (APP and AGPM), Fizeau imaging,
non-redundant aperture masking, and nulling interferometry. It also has
broadband, narrowband, and spectrally dispersed capabilities. In this paper, we
review the performance of these modes in terms of exoplanet science
capabilities and describe recent instrumental milestones such as first-light
Fizeau images (with the angular resolution of an equivalent 22.8-m telescope)
and deep interferometric nulling observations.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures, Proc. SPI
Determining science teachersβ ideas about the science process skills: a case study
AbstractThe aim of this study is to investigate science teachersβ ideas about the science process skills (SPS) using qualitative analysis. This study was carried out at the first term of 2008- 2009 academic year. A case study research methodology was used. The sample of this study consisted of 10 science teachers (ST), who has been working at Giresun center elementary schools in Turkey. A semi-structured interview procedure was used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed with Nvivo 8 program. The results indicate that the majority of sample have not had widespread theoretical knowledge on SPS
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