The Concept of the Local in Williams\u27 Developing Poetics: The Poet\u27s Perception and Representation of the Poor

The present study serves as a thematic, critical perspective on William Carlos Williams\u27 poetry on the poor; specifically, I address his representation of the poor in his poetry and his attitude towards them. From 1914-38, his attitude towards the poor goes through three significant stages of change. Roughly, the stage boundaries can be marked by decade: the 1910s, the 1920s and the 1930s. In the first stage, Williams recognizes his empathetic and aesthetic distance from the poor, since his aesthetics rest primarily on his youthful fascination with Keats. The poet desires to reflect properly the lives of the poor. The long poem The Wanderer, originally published in 1914, establishes this interested, but alienated, perception of the poor; however, the poem contains, in the last section, a remarkable realization of Williams\u27 need to be more immersed in what is foreign to him. The second stage, which actually begins in 1917, serves as Williams\u27 focal period in which he moves toward relaying empathy powerfully in his verse, though occasionally his own subjectivity weakens his presentation of his subject. Pastoral [When I was younger] and Pastoral [The little sparrows] from Al Que Quiere contain a romantic view of poverty: one that attempts to represent and to speak for the poor as they would themselves but, in so doing, exposes Williams\u27 sentimentality. This stage is also partially distinguished by verse, such as To Elsie, which furthers Williams\u27 concept of the local and the poverty caused by isolation from the locality, the mainstream of community life. Poems of the third stage portray the poet escaping past inabilities to give voice to the poor in such a way that confirms Williams\u27 genuine contact with his local environment and its poor. The poems of this period both discuss the poor as a class ( Proletariat Portrait and The Yachts ) and as individuals ( Proletariat Portrait, To a Poor Old Woman and The Poor [It\u27s the anarchy of poverty] ). Viewing the poor in both of these ways balances Williams\u27 need to present the poor as products of the local and to discuss his own growing concern for the class, as his connection, his empathy, with the poor becomes increasingly tied to his own developing self-identity

The Concept of the Local in Williams\u27 Developing Poetics: The Poet\u27s Perception and Representation of the Poor

The present study serves as a thematic, critical perspective on William Carlos Williams\u27 poetry on the poor; specifically, I address his representation of the poor in his poetry and his attitude towards them. From 1914-38, his attitude towards the poor goes through three significant stages of change. Roughly, the stage boundaries can be marked by decade: the 1910s, the 1920s and the 1930s. In the first stage, Williams recognizes his empathetic and aesthetic distance from the poor, since his aesthetics rest primarily on his youthful fascination with Keats. The poet desires to reflect properly the lives of the poor. The long poem The Wanderer, originally published in 1914, establishes this interested, but alienated, perception of the poor; however, the poem contains, in the last section, a remarkable realization of Williams\u27 need to be more immersed in what is foreign to him. The second stage, which actually begins in 1917, serves as Williams\u27 focal period in which he moves toward relaying empathy powerfully in his verse, though occasionally his own subjectivity weakens his presentation of his subject. Pastoral [When I was younger] and Pastoral [The little sparrows] from Al Que Quiere contain a romantic view of poverty: one that attempts to represent and to speak for the poor as they would themselves but, in so doing, exposes Williams\u27 sentimentality. This stage is also partially distinguished by verse, such as To Elsie, which furthers Williams\u27 concept of the local and the poverty caused by isolation from the locality, the mainstream of community life. Poems of the third stage portray the poet escaping past inabilities to give voice to the poor in such a way that confirms Williams\u27 genuine contact with his local environment and its poor. The poems of this period both discuss the poor as a class ( Proletariat Portrait and The Yachts ) and as individuals ( Proletariat Portrait, To a Poor Old Woman and The Poor [It\u27s the anarchy of poverty] ). Viewing the poor in both of these ways balances Williams\u27 need to present the poor as products of the local and to discuss his own growing concern for the class, as his connection, his empathy, with the poor becomes increasingly tied to his own developing self-identity

Art Capstone Project: Creating a Rite of Passage for Middle School Students

This paper explores various art education models and frameworks as resources informing the creation of an eighth grade project-based capstone unit. I reviewed literature and developed a wish list of desirable elements for implementing a series of lessons with a culminating project based final lesson. Based on my exploration, I incorporated elements from many of the models including choice-based art education and capstone projects. After creating the Capstone Unit, I reflected upon possible implications and offer suggestions for its future implementation in other art education environments

Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a telehealth intervention to support the management of long-term conditions:study protocol for two linked randomized controlled trials

As the population ages, more people are suffering from long-term health conditions (LTCs). Health services around the world are exploring new ways of supporting people with LTCs and there is great interest in the use of telehealth: technologies such as the Internet, telephone and home self-monitoring

Depression symptom trajectories and associated risk factors among adolescents in Chile.

Adolescence is a key period for studying the development of depression, with studies in Europe and North America showing a pattern of elevated risk that begins in early adolescence and continues to increase as adolescents age. Few studies have examined the course of adolescent depression and associated risk factors in low and middle-income countries. This longitudinal cohort study examined depression symptom trajectories and risk factors in a sample of socio-economically disadvantaged adolescents in Chile (n = 2,508). Data were collected over an 18-month period as part of a clinical trial for secondary students aged 12 to 18 (median age 14). Clinical levels of depression were prevalent in this sample at baseline (35% for girls and 28% for boys); yet latent growth models of symptom trajectories revealed a pattern of decreasing symptoms over time. There was evidence of an anxiety-depression developmental pathway for girls, with elevated anxiety levels initially predicting poorer depression outcomes later on. Poor problem-solving skills were associated with initial depression levels but did not predict the course of depressive symptoms. Critically, the declining symptom trajectories raise important methodological issues regarding the effects of repeated assessment in longitudinal studies

Reconsidering the Relationship between Air Pollution and Deprivation

This paper critically examines the relationship between air pollution and deprivation. We argue that focusing on a particular economic or social model of urban development might lead one to erroneously expect all cities to converge towards a particular universal norm. A naive market sorting model, for example, would predict that poor households will eventually be sorted into high pollution areas, leading to a positive relationship between air pollution and deprivation. If, however, one considers a wider set of theoretical perspectives, the anticipated relationship between air pollution and deprivation becomes more complex and idiosyncratic. Specifically, we argue the relationship between pollution and deprivation can only be made sense of by considering processes of risk perception, path dependency, gentrification and urbanization. Rather than expecting all areas to eventually converge to some universal norm, we should expect the differences in the relationship between air pollution and deprivation across localities to persist. Mindful of these insights, we propose an approach to modeling which does not impose a geographically fixed relationship. Results for Scotland reveal substantial variations in the observed relationships over space and time, supporting our argument

Attenuation of Acute Rejection in a Rat Liver Transplantation Model by a Liver-Targeted Dextran Prodrug of Methylprednisolone

Background. The use of methylprednisolone (MP) and other corticosteroids for the treatment of acute liver allograft rejection is associated with severe toxicities in nontarget tissues. Therefore, selective delivery of NIP to the liver may improve its efficacy and alleviate its side effects. We investigated the effects of a novel liver-targeted dextran prodrug of MP (DMP) in an orthotopic rat liver transplantation (OLT) model. Methods. The model consisted of a high responder rejection strain combination (Dark Agouti donors and Lewis recipients). Liver recipients were intravenously administered saline or a single subtherapeutic dose of MP (5 mg/kg) as the parent drug (MP) or its prodrug (DMP). Different groups were then monitored for graft survival or euthanized 5 or 9 days posttransplantation. Plasma chemistry, including alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin, allograft histology, and survival duration were determined. Results. Untreated recipients exhibited elevated plasma levels of liver injury markers, progressive portal and venous inflammation and cellular infiltration in liver allografts, and a mean graft survival time (MST) of 10.5 days. MP treatment did not alter any of these parameters. In contrast, a single dose of DMP resulted in a decrease in plasma levels of liver injury markers, a decrease in histological grade of rejection on day 5, and a substantial increase in MST (27.5 days). Conclusions. These results demonstrate attenuation of acute rejection following local (allograft) immunosuppression with a single subtherapeutic dose of NIP delivered as a liver-targeted prodrug. Dextran prodrugs may be useful for selective delivery of immunosuppressants to the liver following liver transplantation

The Histone H3 K4me3, K27me3, and K27ac Genome-Wide Distributions Are Differently Influenced by Sex in Brain Cortexes and Gastrocnemius of the Alzheimer's Disease PSAPP Mouse Model

Background: Women represent the majority of Alzheimer's disease patients and show typical symptoms. Genetic, hormonal, and behavioral mechanisms have been proposed to explain sex differences in dementia prevalence. However, whether sex differences exist in the epigenetic landscape of neuronal tissue during the progression of the disease is still unknown. Methods: To investigate the differences of histone H3 modifications involved in transcription, we determined the genome-wide profiles of H3K4me3, H3K27ac, and H3K27me3 in brain cortexes of an Alzheimer mouse model (PSAPP). Gastrocnemius muscles were also tested since they are known to be different in the two sexes and are affected during the disease progression. Results: Correlation analysis distinguished the samples based on sex for H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 but not for H3K27ac. The analysis of transcription starting sites (TSS) signal distribution, and analysis of bounding sites revealed that gastrocnemius is more influenced than brain by sex for the three histone modifications considered, exception made for H3K27me3 distribution on the X chromosome which showed sex-related differences in promoters belonging to behavior and cellular or neuronal spheres in mice cortexes. Conclusions: H3K4me3, H3K27ac, and H3K27me3 signals are slightly affected by sex in brain, with the exception of H3K27me3, while a higher number of differences can be found in gastrocnemius