Analysis and evaluation of corrosion in naval steels

The corrosion of steel due to seawater is a problem faced by all ships. In this work it has been analyzed two of the variables that most infuence the degradation process of carbon steels in marine environments (pH and chloride concentration), as well as the galvanic couple, which arises when two metals of diferent potential make contact. The study was carried out with two types of steel (S275JR and S235JR) and 15 diferent environments were analyzed (Fig. 1). The progression of corrosion was evaluated in two ways: i) by measuring the mass variation due to the corrosion phenomenon, which was subsequently used to determine the kinetics of the reaction, and ii) visually, by using free software ImageJ. The combined efect of the three variables was analyzed using the Statistics software, performing a factorial analysis in order to obtain response surfaces and their corresponding predictive equations, which allow predicting the efect of corrosion. Finally, in order to observe the diferences between the model obtained and the degree of actual corrosion, both steel types were subjected to the efect of seawater from the dock of the Naval Academy. Results of the study showed a loss of 0,1 g a week, infuenced by the chloride concentration and the acid environment (Fig. 2). From the data obtained, predictive equations were formulated and compared with experiments in laboratory. After 3 weeks of corrosion induced in laboratory, a deviation of 6,74% between the real and predicted mass of probes was observed for steel S275JR and 1,35% for steel S235JR, which evidence the accuracy of the experiments carried out and gives a valuable tool in order to predict efects of corrosion. Corrosion kinetics showed a degradation of 0,3 mm/year and predictive equations showed a deviation lower than 7% in both steels when compared with experiments in laboratory.Peer Reviewe

Efficiency of the EPPO protocol for preventing the introduction and dissemination of fire blight in two Spanish areas

COST-Action 864: PomeFruitHealth. Combining traditional and advanced strategies for plant protection in pome fruit growin

Algoritmo de cálculo de los coeficientes de difusión de agua en zeolitas naturales cubanas

En el presente trabajo se describe el estudio de la cinética de adsorción de agua realizado a tres de las zeolitas naturales cubanas más estudiadas. La necesidad e importancia, así como la novedad y actualidad de este tipo de estudio son argumentadas en la parte introductoria. Empleando los elementos de la teoría de la transferencia de sustancia desarrollada por Ruthven para el caso de los materiales porosos y la teoría del llenado volumétrico de microporos de Dubinin se diseñó un procedimiento de cálculo para los coeficientes de transferencia y de difusión de vapor de agua en tales materiales. El algoritmo gráfico-numérico se desarrolló para la zona de predominio de las interacciones no específicas del modelo de Dubinin. Este método de cálculo se aplicó al estudio de la cinética de adsorción de vapor de agua por las zeolitas de los yacimientos de Tasajera, Castilla y Palmarito en sus diferentes formas catiónicas. Los cálculos se efectuaron a partir de datos de la cinética y la termodinámica de la adsorción de agua obtenidos mediante un equipo estático volumétrico clásico. Los coeficientes de trasferencia de vapor de agua y de difusión de este en las muestras estudiadas están en el orden de lo reportado para materiales de esta naturaleza. En los cálculos se empleó el radio granulométrico en vez del radio del cristal zeolítico, argumentándose el porqué de tal elección de acuerdo con los diferentes criterios que han sido reportados. Se obtuvo además que la etapa limitante del proceso cinético es la difusión intercristalina

Functional trait effects on ecosystem stability: assembling the jigsaw puzzle

Under global change, how biological diversity and ecosystem services are maintained in time is a fundamental question. Ecologists have long argued about multiple mechanisms by which local biodiversity might control the temporal stability of ecosystem properties. Accumulating theories and empirical evidence suggest that, together with different population and community parameters, these mechanisms largely operate through differences in functional traits among organisms. We review potential trait-stability mechanisms together with underlying tests and associated metrics. We identify various trait-based components, each accounting for different stability mechanisms, that contribute to buffering, or propagating, the effect of environmental fluctuations on ecosystem functioning. This comprehensive picture, obtained by combining different puzzle pieces of trait-stability effects, will guide future empirical and modeling investigations.This study is the result of an international workshop financed by the Valencian government in Spain (Generalitat Valenciana, reference AORG/2018/) and was supported by Spanish Plan Nacional de I+D+i (project PGC2018-099027-B-I00). E.V. was supported by the 2017 program for attracting and retaining talent of Comunidad de Madrid (no. 2017-T2/ AMB-5406)

Combining visual rating scales to identify prodromal Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease dementia in a population from a low and middle-income country

Background Many low- and middle-income countries, including Latin America, lack access to biomarkers for the diagnosis of prodromal Alzheimer's Disease (AD; mild cognitive impairment due to AD) and AD dementia. MRI visual rating scales may serve as an ancillary diagnostic tool for identifying prodromal AD or AD in Latin America. We investigated the ability of brain MRI visual rating scales to distinguish between cognitively healthy controls, prodromal AD and AD. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from a multidisciplinary neurology clinic in Lima, Peru using neuropsychological assessments, brain MRI and cerebrospinal fluid amyloid and tau levels. Medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA), posterior atrophy (PA), white matter hyperintensity (WMH), and MTA+PA composite MRI scores were compared. Sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) were determined. Results Fifty-three patients with prodromal AD, 69 with AD, and 63 cognitively healthy elderly individuals were enrolled. The median age was 75 (8) and 42.7% were men. Neither sex, mean age, nor years of education were significantly different between groups. The MTA was higher in patients with AD (p 75 years (AUC 0.85 [0.79–0.92]). For AD diagnosis, MTA+PA had the best performance (AUC 1.00) for all age groups. Conclusions Combining MTA and PA scores demonstrates greater discriminative ability to differentiate controls from prodromal AD and AD, highlighting the diagnostic value of visual rating scales in daily clinical practice, particularly in Latin America where access to advanced neuroimaging and CSF biomarkers is limited in the clinical setting

La reforma del aborto en España : perspectivas de un debate (re)emergente

Pertenece a la colección Religión, Género y Sexualidad / dirigida por Juan M. Vaggione ; v.8De manera creciente, desde finales del 2013 el escenario español visibiliza no sólo las marchas y contramarchas en relación a derechos sexuales y reproductivos sino cómo las disputas se renuevan poniendo de relieve la necesidad de reflexionar sobre las dimensiones que se ponen en juego en un debate sociopolítico contemporáneo. Los trabajos que integran este libro, surgen al calor del debate público abierto en España en torno a la reforma de los marcos regulatorios vigentes sobre salud reproductiva e interrupción voluntaria del embarazo. Discusiones que demandan marcos analíticos que permitan pensar estos procesos considerando tanto sus particularidades coyunturales como sus dimensiones comunes. Los análisis que integran este libro abordan desde diferentes perspectivas, diferentes dimensiones de un debate que no sólo involucra la norma explícita formal (la ley) sino lo que ese mismo debate promueve como sancionable, cuestionable. El contexto español sirve, de esta manera, como disparador de reflexiones que abren el panorama privilegiando miradas múltiples. La participación de personas provenientes de distintas disciplinas enriquece la conexión entre los trabajos poniendo de relieve la necesidad de reflexiones críticas constantes y alertando sobre la necesaria recreación de la praxis política, en particular cuando visiones más restrictivas buscan impactar sobre los marcos legales vigentes, opacando las relaciones de poder y subordinación en las que el derecho a decidir de las mujeres se actualiza como operación de control

¿COVID-19 la pandemia y que sabemos de ella? Y como la afronta el Perú.

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 or COVID-19, had been reported for the first time in December 2019, in Wuhan China. To date, around 6 777 435 cases of COVID-19 were confirmed and 395 597 deaths worldwide. The COVID-19 outbreak is the largest in the past decades and is caused by a newly discovered coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). On March 11th, 2020, the world Health Organization (WHO) has declared the COVID-19 a “Pandemic” with high rate of morbidity and mortality. This review synthesizes the scientific evidence and reports in the literature. The content of this manuscript presents the opinions of specialists and we present our interpretation and recommendations to the Peruvian government.La enfermedad del coronavirus o COVID-19, fue reportada por la primera vez en diciembre del 2019, en la ciudad de Wuhan China. A la fecha más de 6 777 435 casos de COVID-19 y 395 597muertes han sido reportadas globalmente. El brote del COVID-19 es causado por el virus SARS-CoV-2, siendo el brote más grande de las últimas décadas. Por lo cual la Organización Mundial de Salud (OMS) declaró al COVID-19 como pandemia (marzo 11, 2020), asociada con una importante morbilidad y mortalidad. Esta síntesis bibliográfica recapitula las evidencias científicas y los reportes publicados en revistas médicas. El contenido de este manuscrito recoge las opiniones y experiencias de especialistas. Y presentamos nuestra interpretación y recomendaciones a gobierno peruano

Height and timing of growth spurt during puberty in young people living with vertically acquired HIV in Europe and Thailand.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe growth during puberty in young people with vertically acquired HIV. DESIGN: Pooled data from 12 paediatric HIV cohorts in Europe and Thailand. METHODS: One thousand and ninety-four children initiating a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor or boosted protease inhibitor based regimen aged 1-10 years were included. Super Imposition by Translation And Rotation (SITAR) models described growth from age 8 years using three parameters (average height, timing and shape of the growth spurt), dependent on age and height-for-age z-score (HAZ) (WHO references) at antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. Multivariate regression explored characteristics associated with these three parameters. RESULTS: At ART initiation, median age and HAZ was 6.4 [interquartile range (IQR): 2.8, 9.0] years and -1.2 (IQR: -2.3 to -0.2), respectively. Median follow-up was 9.1 (IQR: 6.9, 11.4) years. In girls, older age and lower HAZ at ART initiation were independently associated with a growth spurt which occurred 0.41 (95% confidence interval 0.20-0.62) years later in children starting ART age 6 to 10 years compared with 1 to 2 years and 1.50 (1.21-1.78) years later in those starting with HAZ less than -3 compared with HAZ at least -1. Later growth spurts in girls resulted in continued height growth into later adolescence. In boys starting ART with HAZ less than -1, growth spurts were later in children starting ART in the oldest age group, but for HAZ at least -1, there was no association with age. Girls and boys who initiated ART with HAZ at least -1 maintained a similar height to the WHO reference mean. CONCLUSION: Stunting at ART initiation was associated with later growth spurts in girls. Children with HAZ at least -1 at ART initiation grew in height at the level expected in HIV negative children of a comparable age

A precision medicine test predicts clinical response after idarubicin and cytarabine induction therapy in AML patients

Complete remission (CR) after induction therapy is the first treatment goal in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and has prognostic impact. Our purpose is to determine the correlation between the observed CR/CRi rate after idarubicin (IDA) and cytarabine (CYT) 3 + 7 induction and the leukemic chemosensitivity measured by an ex vivo test of drug activity. Bone marrow samples from adult patients with newly diagnosed AML were included in this study. Whole bone marrow samples were incubated for 48 h in well plates containing IDA, CYT, or their combination. Pharmacological response parameters were estimated using population pharmacodynamic models. Patients attaining a CR/CRi with up to two induction cycles of 3 + 7 were classified as responders and the remaining as resistant. A total of 123 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were evaluable for correlation analyses. The strongest clinical predictors were the area under the curve of the concentration response curves of CYT and IDA. The overall accuracy achieved using MaxSpSe criteria to define positivity was 81%, predicting better responder (93%) than non-responder patients (60%). The ex vivo test provides better yet similar information than cytogenetics, but can be provided before treatment representing a valuable in-time addition. After validation in an external cohort, this novel ex vivo test could be useful to select AML patients for 3 + 7 regimen vs. alternative schedules