20 research outputs found
Un enfoque institucional sobre la prosperidad de las naciones. Gobernanza, libertad económica y democracia
En los últimos años el mundo ha registrado el mayor avance de su historia en términos
de bienestar y prosperidad. En este proceso, la mejora de la gobernanza económica y el
fortalecimiento del marco legal y de los derechos de propiedad, así como la apuesta por
mayores cotas de libertad económica, se han revelado como factores determinantes para
explicar el favorable desempeño de la economía mundial. Asimismo, el crecimiento
económico fraguó en un fortalecimiento de la democracia y del ejercicio de las
libertades civiles. La situación actual no debería hacer olvidar este período de éxito
económico y social, y menos aún enturbiar el análisis de las razones que llevaron al
mundo a alcanzar semejantes cotas de prosperidad. El objetivo de este artículo es
analizar la importancia que tuvieron las variables institucionales en el logro de este
éxito global y proponer líneas de actuación que permitan retomar la senda del
crecimiento económico y el desarrollo a largo plazo
Economic freedom, good governance and the dynamics of development
The purpose of this research is to provide empirical evidence about what institutions are most likely to favor development in its different stages. Firstly, we identify the three development stages that prevailed in the world between 1996 and 2011 according to the income classi- fication of the World Bank corroborated with data from the UNDP Human Development Index. Secondly, we consider that a country had a“successful”behavior if it improved its development stage in that period. Grouping countries based on“success”, instead of according to the income level, allows us to introduce the dynamics of development in the analysis. Thirdly, we formulate a panel data and a probit model to determine the institutions thatare behind the success cases. The results identified economic freedom as the most important institution in all development stages; governance was also found essential, but only in the countries in the intermediate stage of developmen
Crédito y comercio internacional, pilares del desarrollo en el mundo
La libertad de comercio y el acceso al crédito deben constituir una prioridad en la
agenda de desarrollo. Este artículo muestra la existencia de una relación empírica
positiva entre comercio y financiación, así como de ambos factores con el desarrollo.
Un estadio de desarrollo superior se asocia con una mayor apelación a la banca
comercial, menor dependencia de la financiación interna y de la necesidad de garantías,
menores restricciones para acceder al crédito, tiempos más reducidos para comerciar,
mayor dedicación a la exportación, menores pérdidas en las operaciones de comercio
exterior, y menor percepción de la regulación de las aduanas y el comercio como
restricción para la actividad empresarial
Desarrollo divergente en África subsahariana: economías emergentes frente a estados fallidos
La heterogeneidad de África Subsahariana invalida el análisis tradicional sobre su
desarrollo, de enfoque fatalista, dominado por el concepto de dummy. En la región conviven
países que convergen, bien hacia el modelo de economía emergente, bien hacia la tipología
de Estado fallido. El análisis de la evolución de los clusters de países en función de la
fragilidad de sus Estados durante el período 1995-2013 permite identificar casos de «éxito»
y de «fracaso» en este campo. La comparación entre las dinámicas evolutivas de ambos
grupos de países frente a aquellos que permanecieron «inalterados», contribuye a clarificar
las causas del fracaso y las claves del éxito de los Estados africanos subsaharianos
Entorno competitivo y desarrollo humano. El modelo económico europeo y la globalización
El artículo analiza la realidad económica europea, mediante la comparación
de los distintos modelos nacionales sacando conclusiones acerca de
las alternativas que las economías europeas tienen frente a sí. A lo largo
de este trabajo se toman en consideración distintos indicadores de libertad
económica, de desarrollo humano y de entorno competitivo para tratar
de identificar los modelos económicos europeos más dinámicos
Aciertos de mercado y gobierno: empresa y desarrollo económico
El crecimiento económico y el desarrollo son procesos complejos que vienen determinados
de forma conjunta por muy diversos factores. Uno de ellos, quizás el más importante, es la
facilidad para desarrollar negocios y crear e impulsar nuevas actividades económicas en
un paí
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.
In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field
Multiancestry analysis of the HLA locus in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases uncovers a shared adaptive immune response mediated by HLA-DRB1*04 subtypes
Across multiancestry groups, we analyzed Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) associations in over 176,000 individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) versus controls. We demonstrate that the two diseases share the same protective association at the HLA locus. HLA-specific fine-mapping showed that hierarchical protective effects of HLA-DRB1*04 subtypes best accounted for the association, strongest with HLA-DRB1*04:04 and HLA-DRB1*04:07, and intermediary with HLA-DRB1*04:01 and HLA-DRB1*04:03. The same signal was associated with decreased neurofibrillary tangles in postmortem brains and was associated with reduced tau levels in cerebrospinal fluid and to a lower extent with increased Aβ42. Protective HLA-DRB1*04 subtypes strongly bound the aggregation-prone tau PHF6 sequence, however only when acetylated at a lysine (K311), a common posttranslational modification central to tau aggregation. An HLA-DRB1*04-mediated adaptive immune response decreases PD and AD risks, potentially by acting against tau, offering the possibility of therapeutic avenues
Corporate philanthropy and community involvement. Analysing companies from France, Germany, the Netherlands and Spain
[EN] This paper analyses the philanthropic behaviour of companies listed on four
stock markets: the IBEX 35 (Spain), CAC-40 (France), DAX-30 (Germany) and AEX-25
(Netherlands). A bibliometric method was used to obtain keywords related to corporate
philanthropy in literature, while a qualitative content analysis was undertaken to obtain
specific philanthropy-related words from company annual reports. 19 groups of words
(codes) were defined, indicating the terms used by companies to express corporate philanthropy
and community involvement, the forms they use to express such involvement,
and the formulas chosen to channel their aid. The word analysis also gave information
about the stakeholders that companies take into account when they become involved in
community issues. Different hypotheses were stated to determine whether the use of words
was related to country, firm size (revenues and employees) or industry. The use of probit
regression also allowed us to obtain combinations of these variables that explained the
probability of using every term together but not separately. The results indicated that the
variables which most affected philanthropic codes were country and revenues. Conversely,
the variables which least influenced philanthropic codes were number of employees and
industry.Miguel Molina, MBD.; Chirivella González, V.; García Ortega, B. (2016). Corporate philanthropy and community involvement. Analysing companies from France, Germany, the Netherlands and Spain. Quality and Quantity. 50(6):2741-2766. doi:10.1007/s11135-015-0287-9S27412766506Abbott, W.F., Monsen, R.J.: On the measurement of corporate social-responsibility—self-reported disclosures as a method of measuring corporate social involvement. Acad. Manag. J. 22(3), 501–515 (1979)Albareda, L., Lozano, J., Ysa, T.: Public policies on corporate social responsibility: the role of governments in Europe. J. Bus. Ethics 74(4), 391–407 (2007)Amable, B.: The Diversity of Modern Capitalism. Oxford University Press, New York (2003)Arenas, D., Lozano, J.M., Albareda, L.: The role of NGOs in CSR: mutual perceptions among stakeholders. J. Bus. Ethics 88(1), 175–197 (2009)Arendt, S., Brettel, M.: Understanding the influence of corporate social responsibility on corporate identity, image, and firm performance. Manag. Decis. 48(10), 1469–1492 (2010)Ariza-Montes, A., Roldan-Salgueiro, J.L., Leal-Rodriguez, A.: Employee and volunteer an unlikely cocktail? Nonprofit Manag. Leadersh. 25(3), 255–268 (2015)Aßländer, M.S.: Corporate social responsibility as subsidiary co-responsibility: a macroeconomic perspective. J. Bus. Ethics 99(1), 115–128 (2011)Ball, R., Kothari, S.P., Robin, A.: The effect of international institutional factors on properties of accounting earnings. J. Account. Econ. 29(1), 1–51 (2000)Basil, D.Z., Runte, M.S., Easwaramoorthy, M., Barr, C.: Company support for employee volunteering: a national survey of companies in Canada. J. Bus. Ethics 85(2), 387–398 (2009)Basil, D., Runte, M., Basil, M., Usher, J.: Company support for employee volunteerism does size matter? J. Bus. Res. 64(1), 61–66 (2011)Ben Mahjoub, L., Khamoussi, H.: Environmental and social policy and earning persistence. Bus. Strategy Environ. 22(3), 159–172 (2013)Berger, I.E., Cunningham, P.H., Drumwright, M.E.: Identity, identification, and relationship through social alliances. J. Acad. Mark. Sci. 34(2), 128–137 (2006)Berthoin Antal, A., Oppen, M., Sobczak, A.: (Re)discovering the social responsibility of business in Germany. J. Bus. Ethics 89(3), 285–301 (2009)Bigne Alcaniz, E., Chumpitaz Caceres, R., Curras Perez, R.: Alliances between brands and social causes: the influence of company credibility on social responsibility image. J. Bus. Ethics 96(2), 169–186 (2010)Bingham, J.B., Mitchell, B.W., Bishop, D.G., Allen, N.J.: Working for a higher purpose: a theoretical framework for commitment to organization-sponsored causes. Human Resource Management Review 23(2), 174–189 (2013)Blasco, M., Zølner, M.: Corporate social responsibility in Mexico and France. Bus. Soc. 49(2), 216–251 (2010)Bonsón, E., Bednárová, M.: CSR reporting practices of Eurozone companies. Revista de Contabilidad—Spanish. Account. Rev. 18(2), 182–193 (2015)Börner, K., Polley, D.E.: Visual Insights. A Practical Guide to Making Sense of Data. MIT Press, Cambridge (2014)Bornmann, L., Leydesdorff, L.: Topical connections between the institutions within an organisation (institutional co-authorships, direct citation links and co-citations). Scientometrics 102(1), 455–463 (2015)Bowen, F., Newenham-Kahindi, A., Herremans, I.: When suits meet roots: the antecedents and consequences of community engagement strategy. J. Bus. Ethics 95(2), 297–318 (2010)Brammer, S., Millington, A.: The development of corporate charitable contributions in the UK: a stakeholder analysis. J. Manag. Stud. 41(8), 1411–1434 (2004)Brammer, S., Millington, A.: Profit maximisation vs. agency: an analysis of charitable giving by UK firms. Camb. J. Econ. 29(4), 517–534 (2005a)Brammer, S., Millington, A.: Corporate reputation and philanthropy: an empirical analysis. J. Bus. Ethics 61(1), 29–44 (2005b)Branco, M.C., Delgado, C., Sa, M., Sousa, C.: Comparing CSR communication on corporate web sites in Sweden and Spain. Baltic J. Manag. 9(2), 231–250 (2014)Bravo, R., Matute, J., Pina, J.M.: Corporate social responsibility as a vehicle to reveal the corporate identity: a study focused on the websites of spanish financial entities. J. Bus. Ethics 107(2), 129–146 (2012)Brodin Danell, J.A.: Reception of integrative and complementary medicine (ICM) in scientific journals: a citation and co-word analysis. Scientometrics 98(2), 807–821 (2014)Caligiuri, P., Mencin, A., Jiang, K.F.: Win–Win–Win: the influence of company-sponsored volunteerism programs on employees, NGOs, and business units. Pers. Psychol. 66(4), 825–860 (2013)Camilleri, M.A.: Environmental, social and governance disclosures in Europe. Sustain. Account. Manag. Policy J. 6(2), 224–242 (2015)Campbell, D., Moore, G., Metzger, M.: Corporate philanthropy in the UK 1985–2000: some empirical findings. J. Bus. Ethics 39(1/2), 29–41 (2002)Carnevale, C., Mazzuca, M.: Sustainability Reporting and Varieties of Capitalism. Sustain. Dev. 22(6), 361–376 (2014)Carroll, A.B.: A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance. Acad. Manag. Rev. 4(4), 497–505 (1979)Carroll, A.B.: The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders. Bus. Horiz. 34(4), 39–48 (1991)Chen, S., Bouvain, P.: Is corporate responsibility converging? A comparison of corporate responsibility reporting in the USA, UK, Australia, and Germany. J. Bus. Ethics 87(1), 299–317 (2009)Chen, J.C., Patten, D.M., Roberts, R.W.: Corporate charitable contributions: a corporate social performance or legitimacy strategy? J. Bus. Ethics 82(1), 131–144 (2008)Cowan, A., Huang, C.H., Padmanabhan, P., Wang, C.H.: The determinants of foreign giving: an exploratory empirical investigation of US manufacturing firms. Int. Bus. Rev. 22(2), 407–420 (2013)De Gilder, D., Schuyt, T.N.M., Breedijk, M.: Effects of an employee volunteering program on the work force: the ABN-AMRO case. J. Bus. Ethics 61(2), 143–152 (2005)Den Hond, F., De Bakker, F.G.A., Doh, J.: what prompts companies to collaboration with NGOs? Recent evidence from the Netherlands. Bus. Soc. 54(2), 187–228 (2015)De Roeck, K., Marique, G., Stinglhamber, F., Swaen, V.: Understanding employees responses to corporate social responsibility: mediating roles of overall justice and organisational identification. International Journal of Human Resource Management 25(1), 91–112 (2014)Ding, Y., Chowdhury, G.G., Foo, S.: Bibliometric cartography of information retrieval research by using co-word analysis. Inf. Process. Manag. 37(6), 817–842 (2001)Doh, J.P., Guay, T.R.: Corporate social responsibility, public policy, and NGO activism in europe and the United States: an institutional-stakeholder perspective. J. Manag. Stud. 43(1), 47–73 (2006)Elkind, A.B.: Corporate citizenship. American Gas Association Monthly, 51.3, 25 (1969)Fassin, Y., Werner, A., Van Rossem, A., Signori, S., Garriga, E., von Weltzien Hoivik, H., Schlierer, H.J.: CSR and related terms in SME owner–managers’ mental models in six European countries: national context matters. J. Bus. Ethics 128(2), 433–456 (2015)Fifka, M.S.: Corporate citizenship in Germany and the United States—differing perceptions and practices in transatlantic comparison. Bus. Ethics-Eur. Rev. 22(4), 341–356 (2013)Finegold, D., Klossek, A., Nippa, M., Winkler, A.L.: Explaining firm approaches to corporate social responsibility: institutional environment and firm size. Eur. J. Int. Manag. 4(3), 213–233 (2010)Fortanier, F., Kolk, A., Pinkse, J.: Harmonization in CSR reporting MNEs and global CSR standards. Manag. Int. Rev. 51(5), 665–696 (2011)Freeman, I., Hasnaoui, A.: The meaning of corporate social responsibility: the vision of four nations. J. Bus. Ethics 100(3), 419–443 (2011)Frias-Aceituno, J.V., Rodriguez-Ariza, L., Garcia-Sanchez, I.M.: The role of the board in the dissemination of integrated corporate social reporting. Corp. Soc. Responsib. Environ. Manag. 20(4), 219–233 (2013)Gamerschlag, R., Moeller, K., Verbeeten, F.: Determinants of voluntary CSR disclosure: empirical evidence from Germany. RMS 5(2-3), 233–262 (2011)Gan, A.: The impact of public scrutiny on corporate philanthropy. J. Bus. Ethics 69(3), 217–236 (2006)Gatignon-Turnau, A.L., Mignonac, K.: (Mis)Using employee volunteering for public relations: implications for corporate volunteers’ organizational commitment. J. Bus. Res. 68(1), 7–18 (2015)Gautier, A., Pache, A.C.: Research on corporate philanthropy: a review and assessment. J. Bus. Ethics 126(3), 343–369 (2015)George, J.M.: Compassion and capitalism: implications for organizational studies. J. Manag. 40(1), 5–15 (2014)Hall, P.A., Solskice, D.: Varieties of Capitalism. The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage. Oxford University Press, New York (2001)Hansen, E.G., Sextl, M., Reichwald, R.: Managing strategic alliances through a community-enabled balanced scorecard: the Case of Merck Ltd, Thailand. Bus. Strategy Environ. 19(6), 387–399 (2010)Harwood, I., Humby, S., Harwood, A.: On the resilience of corporate social responsibility. Eur. Manag. J. 29(4), 283–290 (2011)Haski-Leventhal, D.: Employee engagement in CSR: the case of payroll giving in Australia. Corp. Soc. Responsib. Environ. Manag. 20(2), 113–128 (2013)Hetherington, J.A.C.: Fact and legal theory—shareholders, managers, and corporate social responsibility. Stanf. Law Rev. 21, 248–292 (1969)House, R.J., Hanges, P.J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P.W., Gupta, V.: Culture, leadership, and organizations. The Globe Study of 62 Societies. Sage Publications (2004)Johnson, G.: Corporate philanthropy: an analysis of corporate contribution. J. Bus. 39(4), 489–504 (1966)Knudsen, J.S., Moon, J., Slager, R.: Government policies for corporate social responsibility in Europe: a comparative analysis of institutionalisation. Policy Politics 43(1), 81–99 (2013)Legendre, S., Coderre, F.: Determinants of GRI G3 application levels: the case of the fortune global 500. Corp. Soc. Responsib. Environ. Manag. 20(3), 182–192 (2013)Liket, K., Simaens, A.: Battling the devolution in the research on corporate philanthropy. J. Bus. Ethics 126(2), 285–308 (2015)Lin, C.P., Baruch, Y., Shih, W.C.: Corporate social responsibility and team performance: the mediating role of team efficacy and team self-esteem. J. Bus. Ethics 108(2), 167–180 (2012)Lin-Hi, N., Müller, K.: The CSR bottom line: preventing corporate social irresponsibility. J. Bus. Res. 66(10), 1928–1936 (2013)Liu, G., Ko, W.W.: An analysis of cause-related marketing implementation strategies through social alliance: partnership conditions and strategic objectives. J. Bus. Ethics 100(2), 253–281 (2011)Liu, G., Liston-Heyes, C., Ko, W.W.: Employee participation in cause-related marketing strategies: a study of management perceptions from british consumer service industries. J. Bus. Ethics 92(2), 195–210 (2010)Maon, F., Swaen, V., Lindgreen, A.: One vision, different paths: an investigation of corporate social responsibility initiatives in Europe. J. Bus. Ethics (2015). doi: 10.1007/s10551-015-2810-2Marx, J.D.: Corporate philanthropy: what is the strategy? Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Quart. 28(2), 185–198 (1999)Melin, G., Persson, O.: Studying research collaboration using co-authorships. Scientometrics 36(3), 363–377 (1996)Metzger, L., Nunnenkamp, P., Mahmoud, T.O.: Is corporate aid targeted to poor and deserving countries? A case study of nestles aid allocation. World Dev. 38(3), 228–243 (2010)Miras-Rodriguez, M.D., Carrasco-Gallego, A., Escobar-Perez, B.: Are socially responsible behaviors paid off equally? A cross-cultural analysis. Corp. Soc. Responsib. Environ. Manag. 22(4), 237–256 (2015)Moir, L., Taffler, R.J.: Does corporate philanthropy exist? Business giving to the arts in the UK. J. Bus. Ethics 54(2), 149–161 (2004)Mueller, J., Abfalter, D., Hautz, J., Hutter, K., Matzler, K., Raich, M.: Differences in corporate environmentalism—a comparative analysis of leading US and German companies. European Journal of International Management 5(2), 122–148 (2011)Muthuri, J.N., Matten, D., Moon, J.: Employee volunteering and social capital: contributions to corporate social responsibility. Br. J. Manag. 20(1), 75–89 (2009)Muthuri, J.N., Moon, J., Idemudia, U.: Corporate innovation and sustainable community development in developing countries. Bus. Soc. 51(3), 355–381 (2012)Orlitzky, M., Louche, C., Gond, J.P., Chapple, W.: Unpacking the drivers of corporate social performance: a multilevel, multistakeholder, and multimethod analysis. J. Bus. Ethics (2015). doi: 10.1007/s10551-015-2822-yPajo, K., Lee, L.: Corporate-sponsored volunteering: a work design perspective. J. Bus. Ethics 99(3), 467–482 (2011)Pérez, A., García de los Salmones, M.M., Carlos López, C.: Corporate reputation in the spanish context: an interaction between reporting to stakeholders and industry. J. Bus. Ethics 129(3), 733–746 (2015)Porter, A.L., Kongthon, A., Lui, J.C.: Research profiling: improving the literature review. Scientometrics 53(3), 351–370 (2002)Reimann, F., Ehrgott, M., Kaufmann, L., Carter, C.R.: Local stakeholders and local legitimacy: MNEs social strategies in emerging economies. J. Int. Manag. 18(1), 1–17 (2012)Reverte, C.: Determinants of corporate social responsibility disclosure ratings by spanish listed firms. J. Bus. Ethics 88(2), 351–366 (2009)Sapir, A.: Globalization and the reform of European social models. Journal of Common Market Studies 44(2), 369–390 (2006)Schneider, M.R., Paunescu, M.: Changing varieties of capitalism and revealed comparative advantages from 1990 to 2005: a test of the Hall and Soskice claims. Socio-Economic Review 10(4), 731–753 (2012)Schreier, M.: Qualitative content analyses. In: Flick, U. (ed.) SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis, pp. 170–183. SAGE Publications LTD, London (2013)Searcy, C., Buslovich, R.: Corporate perspectives on the development and use of sustainability reports. J. Bus. Ethics 121(2), 149–169 (2014)Sison, A.J.G.: From CSR to corporate citizenship: Anglo-American and continental European perspectives. J. Bus. Ethics 89(3), 235–246 (2009)Slack, R.E., Corlett, S., Morris, R.: Exploring employee engagement with (corporate) social responsibility: a social exchange perspective on organisational participation. J. Bus. Ethics 127(3), 537–548 (2015)Torres, A., Bijmolt, T.H.A., Tribo, J.A., Verhoef, P.: Generating global brand equity through corporate social responsibility to key stakeholders. Int. J. Res. Mark. 29(1), 13–24 (2012)Valor Martinez, C.: Social alliances for fundraising: how Spanish nonprofits are hedging the risks. J. Bus. Ethics 47(3), 209–222 (2003)Van der Voort, J.M., Glac, K., Meijs, L.C.P.M.: “Managing” corporate community involvement. J. Bus. Ethics 90(3), 311–329 (2009)Vazquez-Carrasco, R., Lopez-Perez, M.E.: Small & medium-sized enterprises and corporate social responsibility: a systematic review of the literature. Qual. Quant. 47(6), 3205–3218 (2013)Young, S., Marais, M.: A multi-level perspective of CSR reporting: the implications of National Institutions and Industry Risk Characteristics. Corporate Governance: An International Review 20(5), 432–450 (2012