Un enfoque institucional sobre la prosperidad de las naciones. Gobernanza, libertad económica y democracia

En los últimos años el mundo ha registrado el mayor avance de su historia en términos de bienestar y prosperidad. En este proceso, la mejora de la gobernanza económica y el fortalecimiento del marco legal y de los derechos de propiedad, así como la apuesta por mayores cotas de libertad económica, se han revelado como factores determinantes para explicar el favorable desempeño de la economía mundial. Asimismo, el crecimiento económico fraguó en un fortalecimiento de la democracia y del ejercicio de las libertades civiles. La situación actual no debería hacer olvidar este período de éxito económico y social, y menos aún enturbiar el análisis de las razones que llevaron al mundo a alcanzar semejantes cotas de prosperidad. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la importancia que tuvieron las variables institucionales en el logro de este éxito global y proponer líneas de actuación que permitan retomar la senda del crecimiento económico y el desarrollo a largo plazo

Economic freedom, good governance and the dynamics of development

The purpose of this research is to provide empirical evidence about what institutions are most likely to favor development in its different stages. Firstly, we identify the three development stages that prevailed in the world between 1996 and 2011 according to the income classi- fication of the World Bank corroborated with data from the UNDP Human Development Index. Secondly, we consider that a country had a“successful”behavior if it improved its development stage in that period. Grouping countries based on“success”, instead of according to the income level, allows us to introduce the dynamics of development in the analysis. Thirdly, we formulate a panel data and a probit model to determine the institutions thatare behind the success cases. The results identified economic freedom as the most important institution in all development stages; governance was also found essential, but only in the countries in the intermediate stage of developmen

Crédito y comercio internacional, pilares del desarrollo en el mundo

La libertad de comercio y el acceso al crédito deben constituir una prioridad en la agenda de desarrollo. Este artículo muestra la existencia de una relación empírica positiva entre comercio y financiación, así como de ambos factores con el desarrollo. Un estadio de desarrollo superior se asocia con una mayor apelación a la banca comercial, menor dependencia de la financiación interna y de la necesidad de garantías, menores restricciones para acceder al crédito, tiempos más reducidos para comerciar, mayor dedicación a la exportación, menores pérdidas en las operaciones de comercio exterior, y menor percepción de la regulación de las aduanas y el comercio como restricción para la actividad empresarial

Desarrollo divergente en África subsahariana: economías emergentes frente a estados fallidos

La heterogeneidad de África Subsahariana invalida el análisis tradicional sobre su desarrollo, de enfoque fatalista, dominado por el concepto de dummy. En la región conviven países que convergen, bien hacia el modelo de economía emergente, bien hacia la tipología de Estado fallido. El análisis de la evolución de los clusters de países en función de la fragilidad de sus Estados durante el período 1995-2013 permite identificar casos de «éxito» y de «fracaso» en este campo. La comparación entre las dinámicas evolutivas de ambos grupos de países frente a aquellos que permanecieron «inalterados», contribuye a clarificar las causas del fracaso y las claves del éxito de los Estados africanos subsaharianos

Entorno competitivo y desarrollo humano. El modelo económico europeo y la globalización

El artículo analiza la realidad económica europea, mediante la comparación de los distintos modelos nacionales sacando conclusiones acerca de las alternativas que las economías europeas tienen frente a sí. A lo largo de este trabajo se toman en consideración distintos indicadores de libertad económica, de desarrollo humano y de entorno competitivo para tratar de identificar los modelos económicos europeos más dinámicos

Aciertos de mercado y gobierno: empresa y desarrollo económico

El crecimiento económico y el desarrollo son procesos complejos que vienen determinados de forma conjunta por muy diversos factores. Uno de ellos, quizás el más importante, es la facilidad para desarrollar negocios y crear e impulsar nuevas actividades económicas en un paí

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

Multiancestry analysis of the HLA locus in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases uncovers a shared adaptive immune response mediated by HLA-DRB1*04 subtypes

Across multiancestry groups, we analyzed Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) associations in over 176,000 individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) versus controls. We demonstrate that the two diseases share the same protective association at the HLA locus. HLA-specific fine-mapping showed that hierarchical protective effects of HLA-DRB1*04 subtypes best accounted for the association, strongest with HLA-DRB1*04:04 and HLA-DRB1*04:07, and intermediary with HLA-DRB1*04:01 and HLA-DRB1*04:03. The same signal was associated with decreased neurofibrillary tangles in postmortem brains and was associated with reduced tau levels in cerebrospinal fluid and to a lower extent with increased Aβ42. Protective HLA-DRB1*04 subtypes strongly bound the aggregation-prone tau PHF6 sequence, however only when acetylated at a lysine (K311), a common posttranslational modification central to tau aggregation. An HLA-DRB1*04-mediated adaptive immune response decreases PD and AD risks, potentially by acting against tau, offering the possibility of therapeutic avenues

Corporate philanthropy and community involvement. Analysing companies from France, Germany, the Netherlands and Spain

[EN] This paper analyses the philanthropic behaviour of companies listed on four stock markets: the IBEX 35 (Spain), CAC-40 (France), DAX-30 (Germany) and AEX-25 (Netherlands). A bibliometric method was used to obtain keywords related to corporate philanthropy in literature, while a qualitative content analysis was undertaken to obtain specific philanthropy-related words from company annual reports. 19 groups of words (codes) were defined, indicating the terms used by companies to express corporate philanthropy and community involvement, the forms they use to express such involvement, and the formulas chosen to channel their aid. The word analysis also gave information about the stakeholders that companies take into account when they become involved in community issues. Different hypotheses were stated to determine whether the use of words was related to country, firm size (revenues and employees) or industry. 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