Áreas de Preservação Permanente e seus serviços ambientais

The Permanent Preservation Areas (APP), along watercourses, are determined based on the width of these. However, it is believed that there are more relevant factors, such as environmental services offered by APPs. The present study sought to compile studies that address environmental services from the APPs, such as subsidies for a better understanding on the subject. It was observed that, although there are equations for estimating the minimum width of APPs, some authors argue that the lack of a definitive method for establishing this width that allows for satisfactory protection of the watercourse. Some claim that without studies of the dynamics that occur in the riparian area, there is no way to conclude the distances expressed numerically for APPs are consistent with the principles of preservation for which they propose. Due to different methodologies and parameters involved in the delimitation of APP, are distinct bands of width settings for the same function in the same section of river. Thus, it is considered that one can only make widths indicative of areas to be kept vegetated or revegetated depending on the type of environmental service than expected, without, however, having to determine the proper width to serve simultaneously to all the services.As Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs), ao longo dos cursos d’água, são determinadas em função da largura destes. Contudo, acredita-se que há outros fatores que devem ser considerados, entre quais se destacam os serviços ambientais oferecidos pelas APPs. O presente trabalho buscou compilar estudos que tratam dos serviços ambientais oriundos das APPs, a fim de fornecer subsídios para melhor entendimento sobre o assunto. Observou-se que, embora haja equações de estimativa da largura mínima de APPs, há autores que defendem a inexistência de um método definitivo para o estabelecimento desta largura que possibilite uma proteção satisfatória do curso d'água. Alguns autores afirmam que, sem os estudos da dinâmica que ocorre na área ripária, não há como concluir se as distâncias expressas numericamente para APPs são compatíveis com os princípios da preservação para os quais se propõem. Em virtude de diferentes metodologias e dos parâmetros envolvidos na delimitação da APP, encontram-se distintas definições de largura de faixas para uma mesma função, em uma mesma seção de rio. Deste modo, considera-se que se pode apenas fazer indicativos de larguras de áreas a serem mantidas vegetadas ou revegetadas em função do tipo de serviço ambiental que se espera, sem, entretanto, ter a determinação da largura adequada para atender, simultaneamente, a todos os serviços

Influência do ângulo de plantio sobre a brotação e o enraizamento de estacas de Phyllanthus sellowianus (Klotzsch) Müll. Arg.

The stabilization of natural or artificial slopes of land and shores of water courses is possible with the application of some techniques, proposed by natural engineers and soil bioengineers, which use vegetation alone or in combination with inert materials. For this reason, the vegetation to be employed needs to meet some requirements related to ecological, phytosociological and reproduction aspects.  Techniques of natural engineering use plants in different positions in relation to the horizontal line. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effects of different planting angles of cuttings of Phyllanthus sellowianus Müll. Arg. on slope stabilization. With these results the most appropriate form of planting this species can be proposed, ie, in which biotechnical practices it can be best used. The experiment was carried out at the Forest Nursery, at the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. The study was done from August to November of 2007. Treatments consisted of planting cuttings of Phyllanthus sellowianus Müll. Arg. at three different angles (10°, 30° and 90°). Cuttings were 30 cm long (± 1 cm of variation), with an average diameter of 1.9 cm, and were collected in the central region of the state of RS. Two-thirds of their base were inserted into inert substrate (sand). The experimental design was completely randomized, with 30 repetitions (cuttings) for each treatment. After 90 days, the following features were analyzed: cutting survival, number, length and diameter of shoots and primary roots besides the dry mass of roots and shoots. The data were analyzed using statistical programs. The species had high values of survival, with a tendency for very positive results for stem cuttings planted at angles of 10° and 90°. Planting at an angle of 90º also provided the highest values of the sum of the length and dry mass of shoots, while the diameter and number of shoots showed no significant differences between the angles of planting. The number, the sum of the length and dry mass of roots were significantly higher in cuttings planted at a 90° angle. The diameter of the longest root presented the highest average in cuttings planted at a 10° angle, while the average length of the longest root per cutting was not statistically different between the three angles of planting.A estabilização de encostas naturais ou artificiais de terrenos e margens de cursos de água é possível com a aplicação de técnicas propostas pela engenharia natural ou bioengenharia de solos, que utilizam a vegetação, sozinha ou combinada com materiais inertes. Para isso, a vegetação a ser empregada necessita preencher alguns requisitos relacionados a aspectos ecológicos, fitossociológicos e de reprodução. As técnicas de engenharia natural utilizam as plantas em diferentes posições em relação à horizontal. Por essa razão, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes ângulos de plantio de estacas de Phyllanthus sellowianus (Klotzsch) Müll. Arg. para a estabilização de taludes. Com isso, será possível sugerir a forma mais adequada para o plantio dessa espécie, ou seja, em quais práticas biotécnicas esta pode ser melhor utilizada. O experimento foi conduzido no Viveiro Florestal, na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, no período de agosto a novembro de 2007. Os tratamentos consistiram no plantio de estacas de Phyllanthus sellowianus (Klotzsch) Müll. Arg., em três ângulos diferentes (10°, 30° e 90°). As estacas foram coletadas na região central do estado do RS e confeccionadas com 30 cm de comprimento (± 1 cm de variação), com diâmetro médio de 1,9 cm. Dois terços de sua base foram inseridos em substrato inerte (areia). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com trinta repetições (estacas) por tratamento. Após 90 dias foram analisados as seguintes características: sobrevivência das estacas, número, comprimento e diâmetro dos brotos e raízes primárias, além da massa seca das raízes e brotos. A espécie apresentou altos valores de sobrevivência, com tendência de maiores resultados em estacas plantadas em ângulos de 10° e 90°. O plantio de estacas em ângulo de 90° também proporcionou os maiores valores da soma de comprimento e da massa seca dos brotos, enquanto que o diâmetro e o número de brotos não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os ângulos de plantio. O número, a soma do comprimento e a massa seca das raízes, tiveram valores significativamente maiores em estacas plantadas em ângulo de 90°. O diâmetro da raiz mais longa apresentou maior média em estacas plantadas em ângulo de 10°, enquanto que o valor médio do comprimento da raiz mais longa por estaca não mostrou diferença estatística entre os três ângulos de plantio

PROTOCOL OF FACTORS ASSESSMENT INFLUENTIAL IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EROSION OF RIVER SLOPES

ABSTRACT Actions to conserve rivers must be preceded by an environmental diagnosis, however, beyond the body of water, the adjacent atmosphere must also be characterized by ability of recognizing the human impacts and differentiate them of the natural variation of these ecosystems. This study aimed to develop a rapid assessment protocol (PAR), composed of seven parameters - vegetation, soil texture, part of the river, slope inclination slope gradient, soil depth in slope, stroke width of water course, use and land cover -, assigning them weights 0-4, in order to assess the influence of their categories in susceptibility to erosion of the river slope. The PAR was applied in 40 sampling unities (UA) in the watershed of Arroio Val de Buia in Silveira Martins, RS. From the final result of the PAR it was created erosion susceptibility classes, "stable", "susceptible" and "instable". The t test showed significant differences between the evaluated units and the Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (AHA) distinguished two classes of UA, according to the categories of susceptibility to erosion resulting from PAR. The basic parameters that determined the groupings were: soil, soil depth in slope, vegetation, the stretch of water course and, land use and land cover. We conclude that the PAR is presented as a good rapid assessment tool river, similar to the studied stream, being useful to the environmental planning considering the regional characteristics

Influence of planting angle on the shooting and rooting of cuttings of Phyllanthus sellowianus (Klotzsch) M\ufcll. Arg.

A estabiliza\ue7\ue3o de encostas naturais ou artificiais de terrenos e margens de cursos de \ue1gua \ue9 poss\uedvel com a aplica\ue7\ue3o de t\ue9cnicas propostas pela engenharia natural ou bioengenharia de solos, que utilizam a vegeta\ue7\ue3o, sozinha ou combinada com materiais inertes. Para isso, a vegeta\ue7\ue3o a ser empregada necessita preencher alguns requisitos relacionados a aspectos ecol\uf3gicos, fitossociol\uf3gicos e de reprodu\ue7\ue3o. As t\ue9cnicas de engenharia natural utilizam as plantas em diferentes posi\ue7\uf5es em rela\ue7\ue3o \ue0 horizontal. Por essa raz\ue3o, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes \ue2ngulos de plantio de estacas de Phyllanthus sellowianus (Klotzsch) M\ufcll. Arg. para a estabiliza\ue7\ue3o de taludes. Com isso, ser\ue1 poss\uedvel sugerir a forma mais adequada para o plantio dessa esp\ue9cie, ou seja, em quais pr\ue1ticas biot\ue9cnicas esta pode ser melhor utilizada. O experimento foi conduzido no Viveiro Florestal, na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, no per\uedodo de agosto a novembro de 2007. Os tratamentos consistiram no plantio de estacas de Phyllanthus sellowianus (Klotzsch) M\ufcll. Arg., em tr\ueas \ue2ngulos diferentes (10\ub0, 30\ub0 e 90\ub0). As estacas foram coletadas na regi\ue3o central do estado do RS e confeccionadas com 30 cm de comprimento (\ub1 1 cm de varia\ue7\ue3o), com di\ue2metro m\ue9dio de 1,9 cm. Dois ter\ue7os de sua base foram inseridos em substrato inerte (areia). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com trinta repeti\ue7\uf5es (estacas) por tratamento. Ap\uf3s 90 dias foram analisados as seguintes caracter\uedsticas: sobreviv\ueancia das estacas, n\ufamero, comprimento e di\ue2metro dos brotos e ra\uedzes prim\ue1rias, al\ue9m da massa seca das ra\uedzes e brotos. A esp\ue9cie apresentou altos valores de sobreviv\ueancia, com tend\ueancia de maiores resultados em estacas plantadas em \ue2ngulos de 10\ub0 e 90\ub0. O plantio de estacas em \ue2ngulo de 90\ub0 tamb\ue9m proporcionou os maiores valores da soma de comprimento e da massa seca dos brotos, enquanto que o di\ue2metro e o n\ufamero de brotos n\ue3o apresentaram diferen\ue7as significativas entre os \ue2ngulos de plantio. O n\ufamero, a soma do comprimento e a massa seca das ra\uedzes, tiveram valores significativamente maiores em estacas plantadas em \ue2ngulo de 90\ub0. O di\ue2metro da raiz mais longa apresentou maior m\ue9dia em estacas plantadas em \ue2ngulo de 10\ub0, enquanto que o valor m\ue9dio do comprimento da raiz mais longa por estaca n\ue3o mostrou diferen\ue7a estat\uedstica entre os tr\ueas \ue2ngulos de plantio.The stabilization of natural or artificial slopes of land and shores of water courses is possible with the application of some techniques, proposed by natural engineers and soil bioengineers, which use vegetation alone or in combination with inert materials. For this reason, the vegetation to be employed needs to meet some requirements related to ecological, phytosociological and reproduction aspects. Techniques of natural engineering use plants in different positions in relation to the horizontal line. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effects of different planting angles of cuttings of Phyllanthus sellowianus (Klotzsch) M\ufcll. Arg. on slope stabilization. With these results the most appropriate form of planting this species can be proposed, ie, in which biotechnical practices it can be best used. The experiment was carried out at the Forest Nursery, at the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. The study was done from August to November of 2007. Treatments consisted of planting cuttings of Phyllanthus sellowianus (Klotzsch) M\ufcll. Arg. at three different angles (10\ub0, 30\ub0 and 90\ub0). Cuttings were 30 cm long (\ub1 1 cm of variation), with an average diameter of 1.9 cm, and were collected in the central region of the state of RS. Two-thirds of their base were inserted into inert substrate (sand). The experimental design was completely randomized, with 30 repetitions (cuttings) for each treatment. After 90 days, the following features were analyzed: cutting survival, number, length and diameter of shoots and primary roots besides the dry mass of roots and shoots. The species had high values of survival, with a tendency for very positive results for stem cuttings planted at angles of 10\ub0 and 90\ub0. Planting at an angle of 90\uba also provided the highest values of the sum of the length and dry mass of shoots, while the diameter and number of shoots showed no significant differences between the angles of planting. The number, the sum of the length and dry mass of roots were significantly higher in cuttings planted at a 90\ub0 angle. The diameter of the longest root presented the highest average in cuttings planted at a 10\ub0 angle, while the average length of the longest root per cutting was not statistically different between the three angles of planting

Influence of planting angle on the shooting and rooting of cuttings of Phyllanthus sellowianus (Klotzsch) Müll. Arg.

A estabilização de encostas naturais ou artificiais de terrenos e margens de cursos de água é possível com a aplicação de técnicas propostas pela engenharia natural ou bioengenharia de solos, que utilizam a vegetação, sozinha ou combinada com materiais inertes. Para isso, a vegetação a ser empregada necessita preencher alguns requisitos relacionados a aspectos ecológicos, fitossociológicos e de reprodução. As técnicas de engenharia natural utilizam as plantas em diferentes posições em relação à horizontal. Por essa razão, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes ângulos de plantio de estacas de Phyllanthus sellowianus (Klotzsch) Müll. Arg. para a estabilização de taludes. Com isso, será possível sugerir a forma mais adequada para o plantio dessa espécie, ou seja, em quais práticas biotécnicas esta pode ser melhor utilizada. O experimento foi conduzido no Viveiro Florestal, na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, no período de agosto a novembro de 2007. Os tratamentos consistiram no plantio de estacas de Phyllanthus sellowianus (Klotzsch) Müll. Arg., em três ângulos diferentes (10°, 30° e 90°). As estacas foram coletadas na região central do estado do RS e confeccionadas com 30 cm de comprimento (± 1 cm de variação), com diâmetro médio de 1,9 cm. Dois terços de sua base foram inseridos em substrato inerte (areia). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com trinta repetições (estacas) por tratamento. Após 90 dias foram analisados as seguintes características: sobrevivência das estacas, número, comprimento e diâmetro dos brotos e raízes primárias, além da massa seca das raízes e brotos. A espécie apresentou altos valores de sobrevivência, com tendência de maiores resultados em estacas plantadas em ângulos de 10° e 90°. O plantio de estacas em ângulo de 90° também proporcionou os maiores valores da soma de comprimento e da massa seca dos brotos, enquanto que o diâmetro e o número de brotos não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os ângulos de plantio. O número, a soma do comprimento e a massa seca das raízes, tiveram valores significativamente maiores em estacas plantadas em ângulo de 90°. O diâmetro da raiz mais longa apresentou maior média em estacas plantadas em ângulo de 10°, enquanto que o valor médio do comprimento da raiz mais longa por estaca não mostrou diferença estatística entre os três ângulos de plantio.The stabilization of natural or artificial slopes of land and shores of water courses is possible with the application of some techniques, proposed by natural engineers and soil bioengineers, which use vegetation alone or in combination with inert materials. For this reason, the vegetation to be employed needs to meet some requirements related to ecological, phytosociological and reproduction aspects. Techniques of natural engineering use plants in different positions in relation to the horizontal line. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effects of different planting angles of cuttings of Phyllanthus sellowianus (Klotzsch) Müll. Arg. on slope stabilization. With these results the most appropriate form of planting this species can be proposed, ie, in which biotechnical practices it can be best used. The experiment was carried out at the Forest Nursery, at the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. The study was done from August to November of 2007. Treatments consisted of planting cuttings of Phyllanthus sellowianus (Klotzsch) Müll. Arg. at three different angles (10°, 30° and 90°). Cuttings were 30 cm long (± 1 cm of variation), with an average diameter of 1.9 cm, and were collected in the central region of the state of RS. Two-thirds of their base were inserted into inert substrate (sand). The experimental design was completely randomized, with 30 repetitions (cuttings) for each treatment. After 90 days, the following features were analyzed: cutting survival, number, length and diameter of shoots and primary roots besides the dry mass of roots and shoots. The species had high values of survival, with a tendency for very positive results for stem cuttings planted at angles of 10° and 90°. Planting at an angle of 90º also provided the highest values of the sum of the length and dry mass of shoots, while the diameter and number of shoots showed no significant differences between the angles of planting. The number, the sum of the length and dry mass of roots were significantly higher in cuttings planted at a 90° angle. The diameter of the longest root presented the highest average in cuttings planted at a 10° angle, while the average length of the longest root per cutting was not statistically different between the three angles of planting

PROTOCOL OF FACTORS ASSESSMENT INFLUENTIAL IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EROSION OF RIVER SLOPES

ABSTRACT Actions to conserve rivers must be preceded by an environmental diagnosis, however, beyond the body of water, the adjacent atmosphere must also be characterized by ability of recognizing the human impacts and differentiate them of the natural variation of these ecosystems. This study aimed to develop a rapid assessment protocol (PAR), composed of seven parameters - vegetation, soil texture, part of the river, slope inclination slope gradient, soil depth in slope, stroke width of water course, use and land cover -, assigning them weights 0-4, in order to assess the influence of their categories in susceptibility to erosion of the river slope. The PAR was applied in 40 sampling unities (UA) in the watershed of Arroio Val de Buia in Silveira Martins, RS. From the final result of the PAR it was created erosion susceptibility classes, "stable", "susceptible" and "instable". The t test showed significant differences between the evaluated units and the Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (AHA) distinguished two classes of UA, according to the categories of susceptibility to erosion resulting from PAR. The basic parameters that determined the groupings were: soil, soil depth in slope, vegetation, the stretch of water course and, land use and land cover. We conclude that the PAR is presented as a good rapid assessment tool river, similar to the studied stream, being useful to the environmental planning considering the regional characteristics