Modafinil restores memory performance and neural activity impaired by sleep deprivation in mice.

The original aims of our study have been to investigate in sleep-deprived mice, the effects of modafinil administration on spatial working memory, in parallel with the evaluation of neural activity level, as compared to non-sleep-deprived animals. For this purpose, an original sleep deprivation apparatus was developed and validated with continuous electroencephalography recording. Memory performance was evaluated using spontaneous alternation in a T-maze, whereas the neural activity level was estimated by the quantification of the c-Fos protein in various cerebral zones. This study allowed altogether: First, to evidence that a diurnal 10-h sleep deprivation period induced an impairment of spatial working memory. Second, to observe a decrease in c-Fos expression after sleep deprivation followed by a behavioural test, as compared to non-sleep-deprived mice. This impairment in neural activity was evidenced in areas involved in wake-sleep cycle regulation (anterior hypothalamus and supraoptic nucleus), but also in memory (frontal cortex and hippocampus) and emotions (amygdala). Finally, to demonstrate that modafinil 64 mg/kg is able to restore on the one hand memory performance after a 10-h sleep deprivation period, and on the other hand, the neural activity level in the very same brain areas where it was previously impaired by sleep deprivation and cognitive task

Mixed gastric carcinomas show similar chromosomal aberrations in both their diffuse and glandular components

Gastric cancer is one of the most frequent malignancies in the world. Nonetheless, the knowledge of the molecular events involved in the development of gastric carcinoma is far from complete. One of the hallmarks of gastric cancer is chromosomal instability resulting in abnormal DNA copy number changes throughout the genome. Mixed gastric carcinomas constitute a rare histological entity, containing the two main histological phenotypes (diffuse and intestinal). Very little is known about the underlying mechanisms of phenotypic divergence in these mixed tumours. To the best of our knowledge only E-Cadherin mutations were implicated so far in the divergence of these tumours and nothing is known about the involvement of chromosome copy number changes in the two divergent histological components. In this study, we compared the DNA copy number changes, in the two different components (diffuse and intestinal) of mixed gastric carcinomas by microarray - comparative genomic hybridisation (array CGH). The analysis of 12 mixed gastric carcinomas showed no significant differences in array CGH profiles between the diffuse and intestinal components of mixed carcinomas. This supports the idea that the phenotypic divergence within mixed gastric carcinomas is not caused by DNA chromosomal aberrations.Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), grant POCTI/CBO/ 41179/2001 and by Dutch Cancer Society grant – KWF2004-305

DNA copy number profiles of gastric cancer precursor lesions

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Chromosomal instability (CIN) is the most prevalent type of genomic instability in gastric tumours, but its role in malignant transformation of the gastric mucosa is still obscure. In the present study, we set out to study whether two morphologically distinct categories of gastric cancer precursor lesions, i.e. intestinal-type and pyloric gland adenomas, would carry different patterns of DNA copy number changes, possibly reflecting distinct genetic pathways of gastric carcinogenesis in these two adenoma types.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Using a 5K BAC array CGH platform, we showed that the most common aberrations shared by the 11 intestinal-type and 10 pyloric gland adenomas were gains of chromosomes 9 (29%), 11q (29%) and 20 (33%), and losses of chromosomes 13q (48%), 6(48%), 5(43%) and 10 (33%). The most frequent aberrations in intestinal-type gastric adenoma were gains on 11q, 9q and 8, and losses on chromosomes 5q, 6, 10 and 13, whereas in pyloric gland gastric adenomas these were gains on chromosome 20 and losses on 5q and 6. However, no significant differences were observed between the two adenoma types.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The results suggest that gains on chromosomes 8, 9q, 11q and 20, and losses on chromosomes 5q, 6, 10 and 13, likely represent early events in gastric carcinogenesis. The phenotypical entities, intestinal-type and pyloric gland adenomas, however, do not differ significantly (P = 0.8) at the level of DNA copy number changes.</p

The Cinderella syndrome:why do malaria-infected cells burst at midnight?

An interesting quirk of many malaria infections is that all parasites within a host-millions of them-progress through their cell cycle synchronously. This surprising coordination has long been recognized, yet there is little understanding of what controls it or why it has evolved. Interestingly, the conventional explanation for coordinated development in other parasite species does not seem to apply here. We argue that for malaria parasites, a critical question has yet to be answered: is the coordination due to parasites bursting at the same time or at a particular time? We explicitly delineate these fundamentally different scenarios, possible underlying mechanistic explanations and evolutionary drivers, and discuss the existing corroborating data and key evidence needed to solve this evolutionary mystery. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Isolement et caracterisation de mutants auxotrophes pour l'ergosterol chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae

SIGLECNRS T 55321 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

Behavioral neuroadaptation to alcohol : from glucocorticoids to histone acetylation

A prime mechanism that contributes to the development and maintenance of alcoholism is the dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and the release of glucocorticoids (cortisol in humans and primates, corticosterone in rodents) from the adrenal glands. In the brain, sustained, local elevation of glucocorticoid concentration even long after cessation of chronic alcohol consumption compromises functional integrity of a circuit including the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus and the amygdala. These structures are implicated in learning and memory processes as well as in orchestrating neuroadaptive responses to stress and anxiety responses. Thus, potentiation of anxiety-related neuroadaptation by alcohol is characterized by an abnormally amygdala hyperactivity coupled with a hypofunction of the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. This review describes research on molecular and epigenetic mechanisms by which alcohol causes distinct region-specific adaptive changes in gene expression patterns and ultimately, leads to a variety of cognitive and behavioral impairments on prefrontal- and hippocampal-based tasks. Alcohol-induced neuroadaptations involve the dysregulation of numerous signaling cascades, leading to long-term changes in transcriptional profiles of genes, through the actions of transcription factors such as CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) and chromatin remodeling due to post-translational modifications of histone proteins. We describe the role of prefrontal-hippocampus-amygdala circuit in mediating the effects of acute and chronic alcohol on learning and memory, and region-specific molecular and epigenetic mechanisms involved in this process. This review first discusses the importance of brain region-specific dysregulation of glucocorticoid concentration in the development of alcohol dependence and describes on how persistently increased glucocorticoid levels in prefrontal cortex may be involved in mediating working memory impairments and neuroadaptive changes during withdrawal from chronic alcohol intake. It then highlights the role of cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling cascade and histone acetylation within the prefrontal cortex and limbic structures in alcohol-induced anxiety and behavioral impairments, and how an understanding of functional alterations of these pathways might lead to better treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders

Mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires à l'origine des dissociations de la mémoire spatiale chez la souris (implication de la voie transcriptionnelle CREB)

De nombreuses données suggèrent que l'activation/phosphorylation du facteur de transcription CREB (cAMP Responsive Element Binding protein, pCREB) est nécessaire à la consolidation mnésique, notamment dans les tâches dépendantes de l hippocampe (HPC). Au laboratoire, il a été récemment montré, dans deux paradigmes de conditionnement classique, que la consolidation des associations contexte-choc (HPC-dépendante) vs son-choc (amygdale-dépendante), est associée à l'établissement de cinétiques pCREB différentielles dans l HPC (respectivement biphasique vs monophasique). Partant de ces données, nos travaux ont porté sur l'étude des cinétiques de la voie transcriptionnelle CREB-gènes précoces lors de la consolidation ou de la perturbation (vieillissement, extinction) d'une mémoire spatiale acquise en piscine de Morris. L analyse des niveaux de pCREB au cours de l entraînement met en évidence un recrutement différentiel des structures examinées selon la phase d apprentissage, et nous a ainsi permis d illustrer la théorie d interaction des systèmes de mémoire. L étude détaillée de la cinétique d activation de CREB en fin d apprentissage (lorsque la mémoire est bien consolidée) met en évidence des patrons d activité pCREB qui varient selon la structure considérée (biphasique dans le CA1 vs monophasique ou inexistant dans les autres structures). La durée et l amplitude de l activation de CREB reflètent (1) le niveau d implication de la structure cérébrale considérée dans le traitement des informations spatiales et (2) le degré de maîtrise de la tâche. L analyse des patrons d activation de CREB chez des souris âgées révèle que les déficits de mémoire spatiale dus au vieillissement sont associés à une altération sélective de la cinétique pCREB et à une diminution de la production de protéine Fos dans le CA1. Enfin, nous montrons que l extinction de la mémoire spatiale induit des altérations spécifiques du patron d activation de CREB dans le l HPC (CA1) et l amygdale selon que l extinction est effectuée par retrait ou changements successifs de la position de la plate-forme. Dans leur ensemble, nos données mettent en lumière le rôle crucial de l activation de la voie transcriptionnelle CREB dépendante dans l aire CA1, dans une fenêtre temporelle extrêmement fine, pour le traitement des informations spatiales.Accumulating evidence suggest that the activation/phosphorylation of CREB transcription factor (cAMP Responsive Element Binding protein, pCREB) is necessary for memory consolidation in hippocampus (HPC)-dependant tasks. Recently, it has been shown that the consolidation of memory traces for contextual- (HPC-dependant) vs elemental- (amygdala-dependent) conditioning resulted in different pCREB patterns in the HPC (respectively biphasic vs monophasic). Based on these data, we studied, by immunohistochemistry and western-blots, the activation patterns of the CREB-early genes transcriptional route during consolidation and disturbance (aging, extinction) of a spatial memory acquired in the Morris water maze. Analysis of pCREB levels across training revealed differential recruitment of the structures considered as a function of the learning phase, and illustrated memory systems interaction. A detailed analysis of the kinetics of CREB activation at the end of training (when the memory is well consolidated) showed variable activation patterns within the different structures examined (biphasic in the CA1 vs monophasic or absent in other structures). The amplitude and duration of CREB phosphorylation reflected (1) the role of the structure examined in spatial information processing and (2) the degree of mastering of the task. The detailed analysis of CREB phosphorylation in aged mice revealed that aging-induced spatial memory deficits are associated to a selective alteration of pCREB pattern and Fos production in the CA1. Finally, we showed that extinction of spatial memory differentially affected the CREB phosphorylation pattern in the HPC (CA1) and the amygdala when extinction occurred either by moving or by retiring the platform. Together, our findings highlight the crucial role of the activation of the CREB dependant transcriptional route within a narrow window in the CA1 subfield for efficient spatial information processing.BORDEAUX1-Bib.electronique (335229901) / SudocSudocFranceF