76 research outputs found

    Mitbestimmung bei Investitionsentscheidungen: Fallstudien in deutschen multinationalen Konzernen

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    "Multinationale Konzerne befinden sich als Teilnehmer auf dem internationalen Arbeitsmarkt in einer begĂŒnstigten Position, da sie zu weltweiten grenzĂŒberschreitenden Kapitalinvestitionen in der Lage sind. Aufgrund dieser transnationalen MobilitĂ€t verfĂŒgen sie ĂŒber eine breite Palette an möglichen Investitionsalternativen. Eine mögliche Investitionsstrategie wird Regime Shopping genannt: Unternehmen bevorzugen LĂ€nder, in denen die Arbeitskosten niedrig und die Gewerkschaften schwach sind, um den Profit und den unternehmerischen Entscheidungsspielraum zu maximieren. Dieser Beitrag analysiert, welche Implikationen die Strategie des Regime Shopping fĂŒr die institutionalisierte Mitbestimmung auf Betriebsebene hat. Datengrundlage sind qualitative Interviews mit Vertretern des Strategischen Managements, der Personalabteilung sowie der Arbeitnehmervertretung in je zwei deutschen Automobil- und Chemiekonzernen. Verglichen mit frĂŒheren Zeiten hat die Vertretungswirksamkeit der Betriebsratsarbeit abgenommen. Insgesamt wird der Einfluss der Arbeit-Nehmervertretung auf globale Standortentscheidungen - soweit sie nicht den eigenen Standort betreffen - als eher gering und von Arbeitnehmervertretern als unzureichend eingestuft, aber bis jetzt ist die institutionelle Basis der nationalen Mitbestimmung nicht erodiert." (Autorenreferat)"As participants in the international labour market, multinational companies are in a favourable position, since they are capable of worldwide cross-border capital investments. Owing to this transnational mobility they dispose of a broad range of feasible investment options. One possible strategy is called regime shopping: the company may choose to invest in low labour-cost and non-unionised countries in order to maximise profitability and management prerogative. This paper analyses the implications of regime shopping strategies for institutionalised co-determination at the company level. The study is based on semi-structured interviews with representatives of the strategic management and the HR-department as well as labour representatives of two German car producing and two German chemical companies. Compared with earlier times, the effectiveness of works councils has decreased. The influence of works councils on global location decisions - unlike decisions relating to the location of their own members- is rather small, and is regarded as insufficient by the employees. Up to now, however, the institutional basis of national co-determination has not been greatly eroded." (auhtor's abstract

    A hagyomĂĄnyos citogenetika Ă©s a FISH egymĂĄst jĂłl kiegĂ©szĂ­tƑ vizsgĂĄlatok gyermekkori akut limfoid leukĂ©miĂĄban

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    Primary genetic abnormalities of leukemia cells have important prognostic significance in childhood acute leukemia. In the last two years 30 newly diagnosed or recurrent childhood ALL bone marrow samples were analyzed for chromosomal abnormalities with conventional G-banding and interphase-fluorescence in situ hybridization (I-FISH) using probes to detect BCR/ABL fusions, cryptic TEL/AML1 and MLL rearrangements and p16(9p21) tumor suppressor gene deletions. G-banded karyotype analysis found clonal chromosomal aberrations in 50% of cases. With the use of complementary I-FISH techniques, ALL-specific structural and numerical changes could be identified in 70% of the patients. Nine cases (30%) had subtle chromosomal aberrations with prognostic importance that had not been detected in G-banded analysis. Conventional G-banding yielded additional information (rare and complex structural aberrations) in 19% of patients. The most common aberration (30%) was AML1 copy number increase present in G-banded hyperdiploid karyotype as a chromosome 21 tetrasomy in the majority of cases; one case displayed 5-6 copies and in another case amplification of AML1 gene on der(21) was combined with TEL/AML1 fusion of the homologue AML1 gene and deletion of the remaining TEL allele. High hiperdiploidy was detected in 6 cases, in one patient with normal G-banding karyotype. TEL/AML1 fusion signals were identified in four patients. Deletion of p16 locus was found in eight cases (23%), of which only two had cytogenetically visible rearrangements. G-banding in combination with I-FISH has produced major improvements in the sensitivity and accuracy of cytogenetic analysis of ALL patients and this method helps to achieve a more precise identification of different risk categories in order to choose the optimal treatment

    Trans*: eine InformationsbroschĂŒre zum Thema TransidentitĂ€t fĂŒr betroffene Menschen, Angehörige und Interessierte

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    So unterschiedlich wir auch sein mögen, eine Erfahrung eint fast alle Menschen. Wir wurden spĂ€testens bei der Geburt einer der folgenden Kategorien zugeteilt: Junge oder MĂ€dchen. Einem als ‚normal‘ oder ‚gesund‘ geltenden Menschen wird nun unterstellt, dass das zugeschriebene Geschlecht, das empfundene Geschlecht und die gelebte Geschlechterrolle ĂŒbereinstimmen. Ebenso gilt eine heterosexuelle Orientierung als Norm. BegrĂŒndet wird dies durch eine naturoder gottgegebene Notwendigkeit der Fortpflanzung. Menschen, die nicht in dieses normierte Entweder-Oder-Schema passen, werden hĂ€ufig als Minderheiten oder gar als krank bezeichnet. Die RealitĂ€t allerdings ist vielfĂ€ltig; es gibt unzĂ€hlige Geschlechter und GeschlechtsidentitĂ€ten. Diese BroschĂŒre möchte sich kritisch mit der aktuellen rechtlichen, politischen und gesellschaftlichen Lage von Trans*Menschen auseinandersetzen und versucht, so viele Fragen wie möglich zu beantworten. Es wird dabei kein Anspruch auf EndgĂŒltigkeit und VollstĂ€ndigkeit erhoben, sondern versucht, möglichst viele Aspekte fĂŒr möglichst viele Menschen zu beleuchten

    Proteome-wide landscape of solubility limits in a bacterial cell

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    Proteins are prone to aggregate when expressed above their solubility limits. Aggregation may occur rapidly, potentially as early as proteins emerge from the ribosome, or slowly, following synthesis. However, in vivo data on aggregation rates are scarce. Here, we classified the Escherichia coli proteome into rapidly and slowly aggregating proteins using an in vivo image-based screen coupled with machine learning. We find that the majority (70%) of cytosolic proteins that become insoluble upon overexpression have relatively low rates of aggregation and are unlikely to aggregate co-translationally. Remarkably, such proteins exhibit higher folding rates compared to rapidly aggregating proteins, potentially implying that they aggregate after reaching their folded states. Furthermore, we find that a substantial fraction (similar to 35%) of the proteome remain soluble at concentrations much higher than those found naturally, indicating a large margin of safety to tolerate gene expression changes. We show that high disorder content and low surface stickiness are major determinants of high solubility and are favored in abundant bacterial proteins. Overall, our study provides a global view of aggregation rates and hence solubility limits of proteins in a bacterial cell.Peer reviewe

    Metal oxide-based, nano-structured catalyst materials for water oxidation

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    Hydrogen has the potential to revolutionalise the transportation fuels market towards a greener future. (Photo)electrocatalytic water splitting into oxygen and hydrogen, at present, is one of the most promising technologies that could render large-scale hydrogen production commercially viable. One of the main challenges that has hampered the widespread use of water electrolysis techniques is the large overpotential involved in the water oxidation (anode) reaction, that accompanies the hydrogen evolution (cathode reaction). Therefore, the development of efficient catalyst materials for water oxidation is of crucial importance. Nano-materials have been found to exhibit unique, improved properties over bulk materials when used as either water oxidation or reduction catalysts. This finding mirrors those in many other applications in different fields of science. This thesis investigates the effect of nanostructuring on two prominent catalyst materials, ZnO and MnOx. The fabrication of nanostructured electrodes was explored first by a well-established electrodeposition method, then screen printing was introduced as a novel deposition method for water splitting catalysts. The results indicate that, besides intrinsic material properties and electrode geometry, the method of deposition has a significant effect on catalytic activity. Screen-printing was found to be a particularly effective and versatile method for the preparation of highly active, uniform catalyst films. A series of electrodeposited zinc oxide photoanodes were prepared first. ZnO, a wide-bandgap semiconductor, had previously been found to be a highly active water oxidizing photoanode when illuminated by UV light. With an aim to optimize the performance of electrodeposited ZnO photoanodes, a series of ZnO nanorod arrays was prepared with a variation in the seeding layer deposition. The effect of the inclusion of small amounts of Al in the ZnO films was also tested with a view to improve charge transfer from the semiconductor/liquid junction to the conducting glass substrate. The seeding layer was found to greatly affect film morphology and, consequently, catalytic performance. The inclusion of Al had little effect on catalytic activity. A preliminary investigation of the effects of the electrolyte pH showed a strong influence on catalytic activity and stability. This finding led to the further exploration of these effects on a reproducible model nano-ZnO catalyst, with a focus on addressing photodecomposition of the electrode. Photoanodes, using commercial ZnO nanoparticles, were prepared via a screen-printing process. The catalyst films were highly uniform, which allowed a systematic assessment of the effects of the electrolyte pH on photocorrosion of ZnO in aqueous electrolytes. The pH range, where ZnO is least susceptible to photodecomposition, was proposed to lie between pH 9 - 12.5 based on thermodynamic considerations. The hypothesis was tested by long-term controlled potential electrolysis and was, in most aspects, verified. Using a pH 10.5 borate buffer, 75% of the initial activity was preserved after 12 hours, representing a more than ten-fold improvement over standard testing conditions. High photocatalytic activity by the screen-printed ZnO films was observed, especially at little or no applied potential. At pH 10.5, a light current of 0.6 mA/cm2 was measured under zero-bias conditions, which is one of the highest currents reported recently under similar conditions. The promising results observed when using screen-printed ZnO electrodes led to the adaptation of the screen-printing method to the preparation of other water oxidizing catalysts. Initially, a series of nano-structured Mn-Ce composite oxides was tested, as these materials had been previously shown to exhibit high activity in the oxidative breakdown of organic pollutants in wastewaters, mainly alcohols. The screening of a series of these composites, differing mainly in their Mn:Ce ratios, showed that, unlike in wastewater treatment, the presence of Ce was detrimental to catalytic activity. However, the pure MnOx catalyst showed promising activity as a ``dark" electrocatalyst in water oxidation. The nano-MnOx catalyst film was characterized by electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and electrochemical testing methods. The manganese oxide phase was identified as beta-MnO2 with one or two other phases being present in small concentrations. The nano-MnO2 film exhibited much higher catalytic activity than a beta-MnO2 commercial reference sample, especially in alkaline media. At pH 13.6, the onset of oxidation current was below 300 mV overpotential, and current density reached 10 mA/cm2 at 500 mV overpotential. The catalytic activity, verified by oxygen evolution measurements, matched that of the most active manganese oxide catalysts reported to date. Additionally, the ease, versatility and high throughput capability of the screen-printing technique could potentially contribute to rendering this process attractive for commercial up-scaling in the future

    Trans*: eine InformationsbroschĂŒre zum Thema TransidentitĂ€t fĂŒr betroffene Menschen, Angehörige und Interessierte

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    So unterschiedlich wir auch sein mögen, eine Erfahrung eint fast alle Menschen. Wir wurden spĂ€testens bei der Geburt einer der folgenden Kategorien zugeteilt: Junge oder MĂ€dchen. Einem als ‚normal‘ oder ‚gesund‘ geltenden Menschen wird nun unterstellt, dass das zugeschriebene Geschlecht, das empfundene Geschlecht und die gelebte Geschlechterrolle ĂŒbereinstimmen. Ebenso gilt eine heterosexuelle Orientierung als Norm. BegrĂŒndet wird dies durch eine naturoder gottgegebene Notwendigkeit der Fortpflanzung. Menschen, die nicht in dieses normierte Entweder-Oder-Schema passen, werden hĂ€ufig als Minderheiten oder gar als krank bezeichnet. Die RealitĂ€t allerdings ist vielfĂ€ltig; es gibt unzĂ€hlige Geschlechter und GeschlechtsidentitĂ€ten. Diese BroschĂŒre möchte sich kritisch mit der aktuellen rechtlichen, politischen und gesellschaftlichen Lage von Trans*Menschen auseinandersetzen und versucht, so viele Fragen wie möglich zu beantworten. Es wird dabei kein Anspruch auf EndgĂŒltigkeit und VollstĂ€ndigkeit erhoben, sondern versucht, möglichst viele Aspekte fĂŒr möglichst viele Menschen zu beleuchten

    Trans*: eine InformationsbroschĂŒre zum Thema TransidentitĂ€t fĂŒr betroffene Menschen, Angehörige und Interessierte

    No full text
    So unterschiedlich wir auch sein mögen, eine Erfahrung eint fast alle Menschen. Wir wurden spĂ€testens bei der Geburt einer der folgenden Kategorien zugeteilt: Junge oder MĂ€dchen. Einem als ‚normal‘ oder ‚gesund‘ geltenden Menschen wird nun unterstellt, dass das zugeschriebene Geschlecht, das empfundene Geschlecht und die gelebte Geschlechterrolle ĂŒbereinstimmen. Ebenso gilt eine heterosexuelle Orientierung als Norm. BegrĂŒndet wird dies durch eine naturoder gottgegebene Notwendigkeit der Fortpflanzung. Menschen, die nicht in dieses normierte Entweder-Oder-Schema passen, werden hĂ€ufig als Minderheiten oder gar als krank bezeichnet. Die RealitĂ€t allerdings ist vielfĂ€ltig; es gibt unzĂ€hlige Geschlechter und GeschlechtsidentitĂ€ten. Diese BroschĂŒre möchte sich kritisch mit der aktuellen rechtlichen, politischen und gesellschaftlichen Lage von Trans*Menschen auseinandersetzen und versucht, so viele Fragen wie möglich zu beantworten. Es wird dabei kein Anspruch auf EndgĂŒltigkeit und VollstĂ€ndigkeit erhoben, sondern versucht, möglichst viele Aspekte fĂŒr möglichst viele Menschen zu beleuchten

    Worst-Case Ratios for Degree-Constrained Trees

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    We discuss problems of minimum degree-constrained trees T k , where each vertex of a complete graph Kn with a metric satifying triangle inequality is restricted to at most k neighbors. We show that for any k and m, the ratio w(Tk ) w(Tk+m ) can be arbitrarily close to ae k;m = 1 + m m+k\Gamma2 and give an O(n log(k + m))) algorithm that converts a T k+m into a T k such that w(T k ) ! ae k;m T k+m . For the special case of a planar point set with L 1 distances, this implies that we can find a T 3 with w(T3 ) w(Tmin ) 3 2

    AML1-gén intrakromoszomålis amplifikåciója gyermekkori acut lymphoid leukaemiåban

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    The introduction of routine molecular cytogenetic assays enabled us to reveal hitherto unknown genetic disorders of childhood acute leukemias. Of special interest is the recognition of those rare cytogenetic mutations of negative prognostic value, which are associated with well-known markers of good prognosis. In our present study we review a novel cytogenetic mutation typical for childhood B-cell ALL, the intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21, which requires high-risk therapy irrespective of other risk factors, and which is associated with a cryptic 12;21 translocation of good prognostic value
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