Fertility postponement and age norms in Poland: is there a deadline for parenthood?

The postponement of childbearing is occurring across Europe, but the paths of this trend differ profoundly from country to country. Especially in Central and Eastern Europe, most women have their first child at a relatively young age. This paper asks about the role of age norms in sustaining the pattern of early motherhood in Poland. The qualitative approach allows us to gain insights into how local culture shapes a positive image of early parenthood. We find a strong influence of socially defined age deadlines on the timing of childbearing. We present how age norms are explained and sanctioned. We argue that early motherhood is strongly connected to the fear of not being able to conceive in older age. And in Polish culture, childless people suffer from extremely negative opinions.

The period-luminosity and period-radius relations of Type II and anomalous Cepheids

Method: In an accompanying paper (arXiv: 1705.00886) we determined luminosity and effective temperature for the 335 T2Cs and ACs in the LMC and SMC discovered in the OGLE-III survey, by constructing the spectral energy distribution (SED) and fitting this with model atmospheres and a dust radiative transfer model (in the case of dust excess). Building on these results we study the PL and PR relations. Using existing pulsation models for RR Lyrae and classical Cepheids we derive the period-luminosity-mass-temperature-metallicity relations, and then estimate the pulsation mass. Results: The PL relation for the T2Cs does not appear to depend on metallicity, and, excluding the dusty RV Tau stars, is $M_{\rm bol}= +0.12 -1.78 \log P$ (for $P < 50$ days). Relations for fundamental and first overtone LMC ACs are also presented. The PR relation for T2C also shows little or no dependence on metallicity or period. Our preferred relation combines SMC and LMC stars and all T2C subclasses, and is $\log R = 0.846 + 0.521 \log P$. Relations for fundamental and first overtone LMC ACs are also presented. The pulsation masses from the RR Lyrae and classical Cepheid pulsation models agree well for the short period T2Cs, the BL Her subtype, and ACs, and are consistent with estimates in the literature, i.e. $M_{\rm BLH} \sim 0.49$ \msol\ and $M_{\rm AC} ~\sim 1.3$ \msol, respectively. The masses of the W Vir appear similar to the BL Her. The situation for the pWVir and RV Tau stars is less clear. For many RV Tau the masses are in conflict with the standard picture of (single-star) post-AGB evolution, the masses being either too large ($\gtrsim$ 1 \msol) or too small ($\lesssim$ 0.4 \msol).Comment: A&A accepte

Attention modulates the processing of emotional expression triggered by foveal faces

To investigate whether the processing of emotional expression for faces presented within foveal vision is modulated by spatial attention, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded in response to stimulus arrays containing one fearful or neutral face at fixation, which was flanked by a pair of peripheral bilateral lines. When attention was focused on the central face, an enhanced positivity was elicited by fearful as compared to neutral faces. This effect started at 160 ms post-stimulus, and remained present for the remainder of the 700 ms analysis interval. When attention was directed away from the face towards the line pair, the initial phase of this emotional positivity remained present, but emotional expression effects beyond 220 ms post-stimulus were completely eliminated. These results demonstrate that when faces are presented foveally, the initial rapid stage of emotional expression processing is unaffected by attention. In contrast, attentional task instructions are effective in inhibiting later, more controlled stages of expression analysis

Methods for the Study of Transverse Momentum Differential Correlations

We introduce and compare three differential correlation functions for the study of transverse momentum correlation in $p+p$ and $A+A$ collisions. These consist of {\it inclusive}, {\it event-wise} and a differential version of the correlation measure $\tilde C$ introduced by Gavin \cite{Gavin} for experimental study of the viscosity per unit entropy of the matter produced in $A+A$ collisions. We study the quantitative difference between the three observables on the basis of PYTHIA simulations of $p+p$ collisions and $A+A$ collisions consisting of an arbitrary superposition of $p+p$ collision events at $\sqrt{s} =$200 GeV. We observe that {\it inclusive} and {\it event-wise} correlation functions are remarkably identical to each other where as the observable $\tilde C$ differs from the two. We study the robustness and efficiency dependencies of these observables based on truncated Taylor expansions in efficiency in $p+p$ collisions and on the basis of Monte Carlo simulation using an adhoc detector efficiency parameterization. We find that all the three observables are essentially independent of detector efficiency. We additionally study the scaling of the correlation measures and find all the observables exhibit an approximate $1/N$ dependence of the number of participants ({\it N}) in $A+A$ collisions. Finally, we study the impact of flow-like anisotropy on the {\it inclusive} correlation function and find flow imparts azimuthal modulations similar to those observed with two-particle densities.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figure

Cardiac hemangioma of the right atrium in a neonate : fetal management and expedited surgical resection

Cardiac hemangioma is a rare tumor with a reported incidence of 1-2%. We describe the case of a neonate with a right atrial mass that was diagnosed prenatally. The fetus developed a supraventricular tachycardia and was delivered by cesarean section in the 35th week of gestation. The infant underwent surgery after 24 hours to remove the mass which was diagnosed as a cardiac capillary-cavernous hemangioma.peer-reviewe

Consumer preferences for teledermoscopy screening to detect melanoma early

Introduction: ‘Store and forward’ teledermoscopy is a technology with potential advantages for melanoma screening. Any large-scale implementation of this technology is dependent on consumer acceptance. Aim: To investigate preferences for melanoma screening options compared with skin self-examination in adults considered to be at increased risk of developing skin cancer. Methods: A discrete choice experiment was completed by 35 consumers, all of whom had prior experience with the use of teledermoscopy, in Queensland, Australia. Participants made 12 choices between screening alternatives described by seven attributes including monetary cost. A mixed logit model was used to estimate the relative weights that consumers place on different aspects of screening, along with the marginal willingness to pay for teledermoscopy as opposed to screening at a clinic. Results: Overall, participants preferred screening/diagnosis by a health professional rather than skin self-examination. Key drivers of screening choice were for results to be reviewed by a dermatologist; a higher detection rate; fewer non-cancerous moles being removed in relation to every skin cancer detected; and less time spent away from usual activities. On average, participants were willing to pay AUD110 to have teledermoscopy with dermatologist review available to them as a screening option. Discussion and conclusions: Consumers preferentially value aspects of care that are more feasible with a teledermoscopy screening model, as compared with other skin cancer screening and diagnosis options. This study adds to previous literature in the area which has relied on the use of consumer satisfaction scales to assess the acceptability of teledermoscopy

A Consistent Orbital Stability Analysis for the GJ 581 System

We apply a combination of N-body modeling techniques and automated data fitting with Monte Carlo Markov Chain uncertainty analysis of Keplerian orbital models to radial velocity data to determine long term stability of the planetary system GJ 581. We find that while there are stability concerns with the 4-planet model as published by Forveille et al. (2011), when uncertainties in the system are accounted for, particularly stellar jitter, the hypothesis that the 4-planet model is gravitationally unstable is not statistically significant. Additionally, the system including proposed planet g by Vogt et al. (2012) also shows some stability concerns when eccentricities are allowed to float in the orbital fit, yet when uncertainties are included in the analysis the system including planet g also can not be proven to be unstable. We present revised reduced chi-squared values for Keplerian astrocentric orbital fits assuming 4-planet and 5-planet models for GJ~581 under the condition that best fits must be stable, and find no distinguishable difference by including planet g in the model. Additionally we present revised orbital element estimates for each assuming uncertainties due to stellar jitter under the constraint of the system being gravitationally stable.Comment: 26 pages, 8 figures, 6 tables, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa

Hyperon bulk viscosity in strong magnetic fields

We study the bulk viscosity of neutron star matter including $\Lambda$ hyperons in the presence of quantizing magnetic fields. Relaxation time and bulk viscosity due to both the non-leptonic weak process involving $\Lambda$ hyperons and direct Urca processes are calculated here. In the presence of a strong magnetic field of $10^{17}$ G, the hyperon bulk viscosity coefficient is reduced whereas bulk viscosity coefficients due to direct Urca processes are enhanced compared with their field free cases when many Landau levels are populated by protons, electrons and muons.Comment: LaTex, 28 pages including 9 figures; new results are discussed in section I

Przegląd ustawodawstwa reglamentującego korzystanie z powierzchni ziemi. Zagadnienia administracyjnoprawne

Degradation of the land in various forms is one of the basic and persistent global problems. Irrational agricultural activity, deforestation, increasing industrialization and progressive urbanization lead to the loss of important functions of this natural resource. This is a serious problem throughout the European Union, as evidenced by statistical data disclosed in reports of the European Commission. Due to the failure to develop regulations at the EU level ordering the issues of protection of land surface and the fragmentary nature of binding regulations, each of the Member States, including Poland, selected legal means to achieve the assumed objectives related to both the obligation to protect the function of this resource, quality monitoring, registration pollution, or restoring utility and natural values. The aim of the conducted research was to analyze legal regulations establishing administrative law forms of rationing for the use of earth’s surface and their assessment in terms of implementing the principles of sustainable management of this resource. It should be stated that the gradually introduced instruments of land use regulation are not completely used to implement the principle of sustainable land management, although de lege ferenda would have to make an application for ensuring stable, comprehensive and coherent solutions.Degradacja powierzchni ziemi w różnych formach to jeden z podstawowych i utrzymujących się problemów globalnych. Nieracjonalna działalność rolnicza, deforestacja, coraz większe uprzemysłowienie oraz postępująca urbanizacja prowadzą do utraty ważnych funkcji tego zasobu naturalnego. Jest to poważny problem na terenie całej Unii Europejskiej, o czym świadczą dane statystyczne ujawnione w przywołanych sprawozdaniach i raportach Komisji Europejskiej. Z uwagi na fiasko opracowania regulacji na poziomie UE, porządkującej problematykę ochrony powierzchni ziemi, oraz fragmentaryczność wiążących przepisów każde z państw członkowskich, w tym Polska, dokonało doboru środków prawnych do realizacji zakładanych celów, związanych zarówno z obowiązkiem ochrony funkcji tego zasobu, monitoringu jakości, rejestracji zanieczyszczeń, jak i przywracania wartości użytkowej i przyrodniczej. Celem prowadzonych badań była analiza regulacji prawnych ustanawiających administracyjne formy reglamentacji korzystania z powierzchni ziemi oraz ich ocena dokonana pod kątem implementacji zasad zrównoważonego gospodarowania tym zasobem. Reasumując, należy stwierdzić, że wprowadzane stopniowo instrumenty reglamentacji korzystania z powierzchni ziemi nie do końca służą wdrożeniu zasady zrównoważonego gospodarowania powierzchnią ziemi, chociaż de lege ferenda należałoby wnioskować o zapewnienie stabilności, kompleksowości i spójności wprowadzanych rozwiązań