Comment éviter la politique du blâme et les instruments punitifs ? Une analyse comparée des politiques québécoise et terre-neuvienne de lutte contre la pauvreté et l’exclusion sociale

Cet article propose d’analyser et de comparer deux stratégies globales de lutte contre la pauvreté et l’exclusion sociale mises en oeuvre au Canada, soit celles du Québec et de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador. La démarche s’inspire de la théorie du policy design de Schneider et Ingram (1997). Elle vise à éprouver la pertinence de cette théorie en effectuant une analyse de contenu des plans d’action gouvernementaux. L’analyse permet d’observer le type policy design dans chaque cas. Les résultats indiquent que le cas de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador présente un policy design plus démocratique que celui du Québec qui conserve une majorité d’éléments de type dégénératifs. À travers ces cas, l’étude aborde deux problématiques : l’évitement de la politique dégénérative, où le blâme, la polarisation et les stéréotypes sociaux dominent le processus d’élaboration des politiques, et la pertinence de la théorie de Schneider et Ingram à l’extérieur du contexte américain. L’étude conclut en évaluant la pertinence de cette approche théorique dans les systèmes politiques autres qu’américain.This article analyses and compares two general strategies for fighting poverty and social exclusion developed and implemented in the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador. The approach draws on the theory of policy design developed by Schneider and Ingram. The article assesses the relevance of this theory, by comparing governments’ action plans, and especially the policy design proposed in each case. The results are that Newfoundland and Labrador proposed a more democratic policy design than did Quebec, which for its part maintained a majority of elements leading to blame and punishment. The study concludes by assessing the relevance of this theoretical approach in political systems other than the American

Le développement du marché des croisières maritimes en Chine : quelle adaptation de l’offre aux pratiques des croisiéristes chinois

National audienc

The adaptation strategies of the cruise lines to the Chinese tourists

The cruise industry is growing internationally at an unprecedented rate and is a holiday tyoe that has now extended to Asia and China. China now represents a market barely significant in terms of market share, but is considered extremely promising in the future as sea cruises come into reach to Chinese tourists. The objective of this paper is to analyze the conditions of implementation of the companies serving China and to understand the strategies used to win customers in China. Three main points will be analyzed: the state of the market, the position and actions of the central and local governments in China, and finally, the adjustments made by the companies to attract a clientele for whom the product was unknown until a few years ago

Cruise tourism in China

The cruise industry is growing internationally at an unprecedented rate and is a holiday tyoe that has now extended to Asia and China. China now represents a market barely signifi cant in terms of market share, but is considered extremely promising in the future as sea cruises come into reach to Chinese tourists. The objective of this paper is to analyze the conditions of implementation of the companies serving China and to understand the strategies used to win customers in China. Th ree main points will be analyzed: the state of the market, the position and actions of the central and local governments in China, and fi nally, the adjustments made by the companies to attract a clientele for whom the product was unknown until a few years ago

Aviation liberalization as a means to promote international tourism: lessons from the EU-Morocco market

This paper analyzes the extent to which the liberalization of the airline market between the EU and Morocco has led to significant changes in both air services and leisure travel, thus contributing to the Moroccan tourist master plan to attract 10 million tourists. Liberalization has led to a large expansion of regular air services in terms of the number of seats and routes supplied but also to a decrease in charter business. The low-cost airlines are the main player in this move. International leisure mobilities to Morocco have also strongly increased, although the relation with air transport liberalization is less clearly established. The increase concerns both Moroccans living abroad and foreign tourists. Air transport has increased its market share despite the significant decrease in the number of tour operator packages sold. The increase is particularly large among Moroccan citizens living abroad, suggesting new habits with regard to long-distance mobilities

Les facteurs de développement du secteur des croisières maritimes en Chine

Les facteurs de développement du secteur des croisières maritimes en Chin

The Island and the plane: from the technical constraint to the economic choices of the tourist islands of the indian océan (Reunion Island, Mauritius, Seychelles, Maldives)

Air transport has become determining in the international opening of island territories remote from outgoing tourism markets. Air transport so became a tool of opening more or less strongly appropriated by States and island possessions, and which they more or less put in the service of the tourism development. The improvement of accessibility allowed the apparition of new destinations and we notice, during their stake in tourism, similarities concerning the policies organized by States. But we observe today among the flows of passengers varying degrees of international tourists and of travels of the islanders. To these issues is added the question of the strategies of airline companies in a context of globalization of their model and aggravated competition. The proposed analysis of the studied spaces (Maldives, Seychelles, Mauritius and Reunion Island) allows to put the milestones of a typology of the links between air access and tourism and propose three types of destinations which tourism performances and strategies are different

Aviation liberalisation as a means of promoting international tourism: Comparing Morocco and Tunisia

The dynamics, in terms of air services and international leisure mobility (both of tourism and visits to friends and relatives [VFRs]), between the European Union (EU) and both Morocco and Tunisia, were compared. Indeed, the EU-Morocco market became liberalized after 2006. Significant dynamics then occurred on both the airline and travel sides. However, it is difficult to assess the extent to which aviation liberalization has been the cause of all of these changes. This suggests a comparison with the more regulated and more protected EU-Tunisia market. The results will be useful in light of negotiations to promote open-skies agreements