A gradual process of recombination restriction in the evolutionary history of the sex chromosomes in dioecious plants.

To help understand the evolution of suppressed recombination between sex chromosomes, and its consequences for evolution of the sequences of Y-linked genes, we have studied four X-Y gene pairs, including one gene not previously characterized, in plants in a group of closely related dioecious species of Silene which have an X-Y sex-determining system (S. latifolia, S. dioica, and S. diclinis). We used the X-linked copies to build a genetic map of the X chromosomes, with a marker in the pseudoautosomal region (PAR) to orient the map. The map covers a large part of the X chromosomes--at least 50 centimorgans. Except for a recent rearrangement in S. dioica, the gene order is the same in the X chromosomes of all three species. Silent site divergence between the DNA sequences of the X and Y copies of the different genes increases with the genes' distances from the PAR, suggesting progressive restriction of recombination between the X and Y chromosomes. This was confirmed by phylogenetic analyses of the four genes, which also revealed that the least-diverged X-Y pair could have ceased recombining independently in the dioecious species after their split. Analysis of amino acid replacements vs. synonymous changes showed that, with one possible exception, the Y-linked copies appear to be functional in all three species, but there are nevertheless some signs of degenerative processes affecting the genes that have been Y-linked for the longest times. Although the X-Y system evolved quite recently in Silene (less than 10 million years ago) compared to mammals (about 320 million years ago), our results suggest that similar processes have been at work in the evolution of sex chromosomes in plants and mammals, and shed some light on the molecular mechanisms suppressing recombination between X and Y chromosomes

Sunflower Hybrid Breeding: From Markers to Genomic Selection

In sunflower, molecular markers for simple traits as, e.g., fertility restoration, high oleic acid content, herbicide tolerance or resistances to Plasmopara halstedii, Puccinia helianthi, or Orobanche cumana have been successfully used in marker-assisted breeding programs for years. However, agronomically important complex quantitative traits like yield, heterosis, drought tolerance, oil content or selection for disease resistance, e.g., against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum have been challenging and will require genome-wide approaches. Plant genetic resources for sunflower are being collected and conserved worldwide that represent valuable resources to study complex traits. Sunflower association panels provide the basis for genome-wide association studies, overcoming disadvantages of biparental populations. Advances in technologies and the availability of the sunflower genome sequence made novel approaches on the whole genome level possible. Genotype-by-sequencing, and whole genome sequencing based on next generation sequencing technologies facilitated the production of large amounts of SNP markers for high density maps as well as SNP arrays and allowed genome-wide association studies and genomic selection in sunflower. Genome wide or candidate gene based association studies have been performed for traits like branching, flowering time, resistance to Sclerotinia head and stalk rot. First steps in genomic selection with regard to hybrid performance and hybrid oil content have shown that genomic selection can successfully address complex quantitative traits in sunflower and will help to speed up sunflower breeding programs in the future. To make sunflower more competitive toward other oil crops higher levels of resistance against pathogens and better yield performance are required. In addition, optimizing plant architecture toward a more complex growth type for higher plant densities has the potential to considerably increase yields per hectare. Integrative approaches combining omic technologies (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and phenomics) using bioinformatic tools will facilitate the identification of target genes and markers for complex traits and will give a better insight into the mechanisms behind the traits

Jean-Sylvestre Bergé, Marie-Laure Niboyet (dir.). La réception du droit communautaire en droit privé des États membres. Colloque international. Session internationale d’études doctorales

Monéger-Wolfart Alice. Jean-Sylvestre Bergé, Marie-Laure Niboyet (dir.). La réception du droit communautaire en droit privé des États membres. Colloque international. Session internationale d’études doctorales. In: Revue internationale de droit comparé. Vol. 56 N°3,2004. pp. 767-768

Guillaume Kessler. Les partenariats enregistrés en droit international privé

Monéger Françoise. Guillaume Kessler. Les partenariats enregistrés en droit international privé. In: Revue internationale de droit comparé. Vol. 57 N°4,2005. pp. 1087-1089

Gérald Goldstein et Ethel Groffier, Droit international privé

Monéger Françoise. Gérald Goldstein et Ethel Groffier, Droit international privé. In: Revue internationale de droit comparé. Vol. 56 N°2,2004. pp. 512-514

Journées franco sud-américaines de droit comparé : contrats et arbitrage à l’ère globale (Buenos Aires, 26-27 avril 2011)

Monéger Joël. Journées franco sud-américaines de droit comparé : contrats et arbitrage à l’ère globale (Buenos Aires, 26-27 avril 2011). In: Revue internationale de droit comparé. Vol. 63 N°2,2011. pp. 453-456

Une nouvelle revue sur l’arbitrage

Monéger Joël. Une nouvelle revue sur l’arbitrage. In: Revue internationale de droit comparé. Vol. 56 N°2,2004. pp. 480-482

Katarina Trimmings et Paul Beaumont (dir.). -International Surrogacy Arrangements, Legal Regulation at international Level, 2013

Monéger Françoise. Katarina Trimmings et Paul Beaumont (dir.). -International Surrogacy Arrangements, Legal Regulation at international Level, 2013. In: Revue internationale de droit comparé. Vol. 66 N°4,2014. pp. 1136-1138