The economics of Information Technologies Standards &

This research investigates the problem of Information Technologies Standards or Recommendations from an economical point of view. In our competitive economy, most enterprises adopted standardization’s processes, following recommendations of specialized Organisations such as ISO (International Organisation for Standardization), W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) and ISOC (Internet Society) in order to reassure their customers. But with the development of new and open internet standards, different enterprises from the same sector fields, decided to develop their own IT standards for their activities. So we will hypothesis that the development of a professional IT standard required a network of enterprises but also a financial support, a particular organizational form and a precise activity to describe. In order to demonstrate this hypothesis and understand how professional organise themselves for developing and financing IT standards, we will take the Financial IT Standards as an example. So after a short and general presentation of IT Standards for the financial market, based on XML technologies, we will describe how professional IT standards could be created (nearly 10 professional norms or recommendations appear in the beginning of this century). We will see why these standards are developed outside the classical circles of standardisation organisations, and what could be the “key factors of success” for the best IT standards in Finance. We will use a descriptive and analytical method, in order to evaluate the financial support and to understand these actors’ strategies and the various economical models described behind. Then, we will understand why and how these standards have emerged and been developed. We will conclude this paper with a prospective view on future development of standards and recommendations.information technologies, financial standards, development of standards, evaluation of the economical costs of standards

Rationale for the Use of the Vernacular as a Medium of Content Transmission in a School Context

The function of communicative factors in a school syllabus is increasingly recognized. This article explores the implications of the use of the vernacular in a Moroccan school contexts for pupils\u27 pedagogical as well as psychological development. Analysis of teachers\u27 reports on the exclusive use of the Standard in a school context reveals concern over the decline inpupil participation in class. There is also evidence of higher rates of pupils’performance when the teacher chooses to switch to the vernacular. To assist pupils in dealing with problems of subject-matter processing, it is recommended that the vernacular be introduced at the earlier stages of the child\u27s schooling.The pedagogical focus here is on the development of the child\u27s skills in reciprocal, immediate response communication

What is going wrong in health research investment? post-pandemic lessons and the need for change

The emergence of a new dimension of consciousness after the COVID-19 pandemic might provide an opportunity to highlight gaps and inequalities in health research investment and to mobilize scientific and public opinion to change the way things are done. This analysis considers some lessons learned from the pandemic crisis concerning the priority of global health research, research in prevention and well-being, and international research cooperation. The question raised by these issues concerns the unfairness of health research funding, mainly dominated by the pharmaceutical and device industries. However, evidence shows that these companies shifted funding to late-phase clinical trials and away from innovation activity and global health priorities. On the other hand, public institutions continue to invest in basic science, with the majority of funds still focused on basic research and innovation. This direct relationship between industry and biomedical research disrupts the reliability of findings and biases the evidence. Several initiatives and efforts are shaping pathways towards health research independence from industry funding. We can propose the idea of industry funding without a direct relationship with researchers through a common pot managed by an independent international agency. Nevertheless, to promote publicly funded research, the scientific community must strengthen its position compared to industry-funded research through transparency and the scientific value of publications.&nbsp

Democratic transition in Morocco : achievements and future challenges

A transição democrática é um fenómeno recente na maioria dos países em desenvolvimento. Marrocos não é excepção. Após séculos de poder absoluto, uma transição democrática tímida foi iniciada pelo Rei Hassan II em meados dos anos 1990. Enquanto que os primeiros passos foram iniciados pelo Rei Hassan II, o fortalecimento do processo só começou quando o Príncipe Mohammed foi coroado Rei, depois da morte do pai, em 1999. O novo Rei deu novo impulso à transição democrática com algumas medidas significativas: reforço dos direitos das mulheres, criação da comissão da verdade e da reconciliação e o lançamento de programas contra a pobreza. Contudo, um dos aspectos mais importantes da democratização foi a organização de eleições livres em 2002 e 2007. A maioria das iniciativas e políticas implementadas foram conseguidas através do trabalho do novo Rei e não dos partidos no poder.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Improved algorithm for computing separating linear forms for bivariate systems

We address the problem of computing a linear separating form of a system of two bivariate polynomials with integer coefficients, that is a linear combination of the variables that takes different values when evaluated at the distinct solutions of the system. The computation of such linear forms is at the core of most algorithms that solve algebraic systems by computing rational parameterizations of the solutions and this is the bottleneck of these algorithms in terms of worst-case bit complexity. We present for this problem a new algorithm of worst-case bit complexity \sOB(d^7+d^6\tau) where $d$ and $\tau$ denote respectively the maximum degree and bitsize of the input (and where \sO refers to the complexity where polylogarithmic factors are omitted and $O_B$ refers to the bit complexity). This algorithm simplifies and decreases by a factor $d$ the worst-case bit complexity presented for this problem by Bouzidi et al. \cite{bouzidiJSC2014a}. This algorithm also yields, for this problem, a probabilistic Las-Vegas algorithm of expected bit complexity \sOB(d^5+d^4\tau).Comment: ISSAC - 39th International Symposium on Symbolic and Algebraic Computation (2014

Energy savings on single-phase induction motors under light load conditions

It is estimated that electric motors consume approximately two-third of all the electric energy generated in the United States. It is also a known fact that induction motors found in residential and commercial applications are often oversized and operate well below their rated capacity. Because the efficiency of an electric motor is reduced at lighter load, numerous studies have been conducted in the past to reduce motor losses under such load conditions by either lowering the supply voltage (and in some cases, supply frequency) by means of static power converters. But some articles reported conflicting results in terms of energy savings for different duty cycles; The objective of this thesis is to determine the most efficient way to operate a number of common single-phase induction motors when operating below their horsepower ratings. To accomplish this, the following steps are taken: (A) Characterize the motors in terms of their performance (at nominal voltage) and model parameters. (B) Simulate the steady-state performance under lower voltage (by SCR control) and lower load. (C) Determine a way to smooth out both voltage and current distortion. (D) Verify the simulations with laboratory experiments; It is asserted that most efficient way to run a motor for a given load is to vary the voltage until minimum input power is achieved. However, unlike the Nola concept, the implementation of such strategy is not as simple as this requires a micro-processor with memory

The subject/Culture report in the trauma of rape: the case of the Algerian girls

The originality of this work lies in the fact that it studied the subject within his culture, differently from many Western studies, studying especially the migrant subjects. It is there a study of indigenous psychology. However, the theoretical framework remains ethnopsychiatry. Indeed, to describe the subject/Culture report in the case of trauma, we used the method of the study of clinical cases of ten girls Algerian victims of rape. The search results well revealed, among all of the victims, a link of attachment to the culture, and that the degree of attachment varies according to the singular space that the trauma causes within each of them.