Transnational mobility, strong states, and contested sovereignty: Learning from the ChinaTaiwan context

Mobility across the Taiwan Strait has intensified since the border was opened in 1987. The crossborder social, cultural and economic exchanges, however, have remained closely embedded in the nationalistic logic specific to cross-Strait relations. Employing a state-centered approach and building on a comparative analysis of the interaction between Beijing and two groups of crossStrait migrants (mainland spouses in Taiwan, and Taiwanese investors in China), this paper examines the various ways in which a state may still exert influence over migrant communities in a context of increased mobility and exchanges. This paper argues that the nation-state may still shape migrants' experiences, particularly when sending and receiving governments have unresolved disputes. Under these conditions, state actors may use migrant communities to achieve their nationalistic goals

Nation, Migration, Identity: Learning from the Cross-Strait Context

It has been argued that globalisation, with its flexible landscapes of production, consumption and mobility, has favoured the emergence of new forms of belonging and identity that are not necessarily built on such principles of the nation state. In this paper, we argue that this process is more likely to happen when movements occur between states that are not in conflictual relations with each other. When the relations between two nations are shaped by conflicts, for instance due to disputes about sovereignty over a territory, nationalism may remain a crucial factor shaping identification and belonging of those who move between the two territories. In this paper, by taking the case of migrants moving between the People’s Republic of China and Taiwan, we will shed light on how the issue of “unresolved sovereignty” may eventually lead these actors to reinforce nationalist ideals and identities in their daily narratives and practices, instead of favouring the generation of hybrid identities

Subsídios à criação de Diaphorina citri em tubetes de limão-cravo para a manutenção de Tamarixia radiata em condições de laboratório.

Resumo: Este trabalho teve por objetivo apresentar parte dos resultados obtidos para manutenção da criação de Diaphorina citri em gaiola de criação contendo tubetes com mudas de limão-cravo (Citrus limonia) com brotos novos. Os experimentos foram realizados porque dados de simulação numérica, fundamentados em informações biológicas disponibilizada, indicaram que a criação do inseto nesse hospedeiro-planta apresentaria potencial para que fêmeas do inseto disponibilizassem um maior número de ovos em até dez dias, quando comparados aos obtidos no mesmo período em criação em plantas de murta (Murraya paniculata). A maior disponibilidade de ovos é imprescindível para viabilizar maior quantidade de ninfas para criações do parasitoide Tamarixia radiata. Pela necessidade de ramos de limão-cravo com brotos novos para a criação de D. citri foi igualmente realizado experimento para observar condições mais propícias à obtenção de maior número de brotos em mudas de limão-cravo em tubetes mantidos em condição controlada de BOD. Valores bem menores que os observados por outros autores para as quantidades de ovos/fêmeas para o desenvolvimento de fases imaturas foram observados em um dos experimentos, mantido a T média de 25,5 ± 1 ºC e UR média de 65,4 ± 6,4%, (10,0 e 11,50 ovos/fêmea) e (12 e 14 dias) devendo ser melhor investigados por ser esperado um aumento e não redução no tempo de desenvolvimento em temperaturas menores. Observou-se que a localização dos tubetes dentro da BOD pode interferir no tempo de no aparecimento de brotos novos. Abstract: The present work had as main objective to present part of the results reached for the maintenance of laboratorial rearing of Diaphorina citri using entomological cages with Citrus limonia twig with young shoots planted in tubets. The experiments were conducted due the fact that numerical simulation data, which were justified on biological information available in technical- literature, has indicated that the insect rearing considering Citrus limonia host-plant would promote to achieve a greater number of egg layed by females in ten days, when compared with the same scenario taking into account Murraya paniculata as host-plant. The greater number of eggs is indispensable in order to enables the enhancement of quantities of D. citri nymphs for Tamarixia radiata rearing. Due the fact that is imperative to have C. limonia plants with young shoots for the D. citri rearing it was conducted other experiment in order to observe the most propitious conditions to obtain the greater number of young shoots by planting tubets stowed at BOD conditions. There were obtained lower values for eggs/female and for immature developmental phase of D. citri, than those observed by others authors, when considered the experiment at T mean of 25,5 ± 1oC and relative humidity of 65,4 ± 6,4%, (10,0 and 11,50 eggs layed/female) and (12 and 14 days); which must be more investigated. It was also observed that the position of the tubets inside the BOD may being interfering on the speed of news young shoots appearing

Condições para maior porcentagem de brotamento de Citrus limonia em vaso e de disponibilidade de Diaphorina citri para criação de Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis em laboratório.

Resumo: O Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de citros. Entretanto, a evolução da quantidade nacional produzida de laranja e limão vem decrescendo nos últimos cinco anos, retornando a valores de 2009. Problemas fitossanitários podem estar contribuindo para esse declínio, tais como a doença Huanglongbing. Diaphorina citri é vetor da doença e vem contribuindo na dispersão de HLB e em danos nas plantas. Por essa razão, ações de controle biológico utilizando parasitóides exóticos para auxiliar no controle vêm sendo prospectadas como alternativas. Entre eles, citam-se pesquisas com Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis, que requerem ninfas de D. citri e hospeiros-planta. Trabalhos técnicos apontaram a maior disponibilidade de ninfas de D. citri em limão-cravo. Esse trabalho investigou condições controladas de sala de criação e de BOD, como também de casas de vegetação, para disponibilizar maiores quantidades de brotos novos em mudas de limão-cravo plantadas em vaso em menor tempo. Igualmente avaliou aspectos do desenvolvimento de adultos nesse hospedeiro-planta. Foi constatada maior taxa de aparecimento de brotos em BOD a 25 ± 2 °C UR 60 ± 10 % e fotofase 12 h, com notada acentuação na ocorrência promovida pela localização do vaso no interior. O tempo de desenvolvimento das fases imaturas de D. citri em limão-cravo foram inferiores aos relatados nesse hospedeiro e deverão ser mais bem investigados. Abstract: Brazil is the world?s greatest producer of citrus. However, the evolution of the national quantities of orange and lemon produced has decreased in the last five years, returning to 2009 figures. Phytosanitary problems, such as the Huanglongbing disease, may be contributing to this decline. Diaphorina citri is the disease vector, and it has contributed both to the dispersion of HLB and to plant damages. Therefore, biological control actions, such as Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis researches which make use of exotic parasitoids and require both nymphs of D. citri and host-plant, have been prospected as alternatives. Technical literature pointed out that a greater availability of nymphs of D. citri was found considering Citrus limonia as host-plant. The present work investigated control conditions in laboratorial rearing room, climatized chamber (BOD), as well as in greenhouse in order to provide greater quantities of new shoots on Citrus limonia planted in pots in a shorter time. Aspects of the adult D. citri development on this host-plant were assessed. Greater rates of shoot appearance were observed on BOD at 25 ± 2 °C, RH 60 ± 10 % and photophase 12 h., with increasing occurrence of new young shoots promoted by the pot placed inside. The immature developmental phases of D. citri in Citrus limonia were lower than those already reported considering the same host-plant and should be further investigated

Legacy effects of intercropping and nitrogen fertilization on soil N cycling, nitrous oxide emissions, and the soil microbial community in tropical maize production

Maize-forage grasses intercropping systems have been increasingly adopted by farmers because of their capacity to recycle nutrients, provide mulch, and add C to soil. However, grasses have been shown to increase nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Some tropical grasses cause biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) which could mitigate N2O emissions in the maize cycle but the reactions of the N cycle and the microbial changes that explain the N2O emissions are little known in such intercropping systems. With this in mind, we explored intercropping of forage grasses (Brachiaria brizantha and Brachiaria humidicola) with distinct BNI and yield potential to increase N cycling in no-till maize production systems compared to monocrop with two N rates (0 and 150 kg ha−1) applied during the maize season. These grasses did not strongly compete with maize during the period of maize cycle and did not have a negative effect on grain yield. We observed a legacy of these grasses on N mineralization and nitrification through the soil microbiome during maize growth. We observed that B. humidicola, genotype with higher BNI potential, increased net N mineralization by 0.4 mg N kg−1 day−1 and potential nitrification rates by 1.86 mg NO3-N kg−1 day−1, while B. brizantha increased the soil moisture, fungi diversity, mycorrhizal fungi, and bacterial nitrifiers, and reduced saprotrophs prior to maize growth. Their legacy on soil moisture and cumulative organic inputs (i.e., grass biomass) was strongly associated with enhanced mineralization and nitrification rates at early maize season. These effects contributed to increase cumulative N2O emission by 12.8 and 4.8 mg N2O-N m−2 for maize growing after B. brizantha and B. humidicola, respectively, regardless of the N fertilization rate. Thus, the nitrification inhibition potential of tropical grasses can be outweighed by their impacts on soil moisture, N recycling, and the soil microbiome that together dictate soil N2O fluxes

Legacy effects of intercropping and nitrogen fertilization on soil N cycling, nitrous oxide emissions, and the soil microbial community in tropical maize production

Maize-forage grasses intercropping systems have been increasingly adopted by farmers because of their capacity to recycle nutrients, provide mulch, and add C to soil. However, grasses have been shown to increase nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Some tropical grasses cause biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) which could mitigate N2O emissions in the maize cycle but the reactions of the N cycle and the microbial changes that explain the N2O emissions are little known in such intercropping systems. With this in mind, we explored intercropping of forage grasses (Brachiaria brizantha and Brachiaria humidicola) with distinct BNI and yield potential to increase N cycling in no-till maize production systems compared to monocrop with two N rates (0 and 150 kg ha−1) applied during the maize season. These grasses did not strongly compete with maize during the period of maize cycle and did not have a negative effect on grain yield. We observed a legacy of these grasses on N mineralization and nitrification through the soil microbiome during maize growth. We observed that B. humidicola, genotype with higher BNI potential, increased net N mineralization by 0.4 mg N kg−1 day−1 and potential nitrification rates by 1.86 mg NO3-N kg−1 day−1, while B. brizantha increased the soil moisture, fungi diversity, mycorrhizal fungi, and bacterial nitrifiers, and reduced saprotrophs prior to maize growth. Their legacy on soil moisture and cumulative organic inputs (i.e., grass biomass) was strongly associated with enhanced mineralization and nitrification rates at early maize season. These effects contributed to increase cumulative N2O emission by 12.8 and 4.8 mg N2O-N m−2 for maize growing after B. brizantha and B. humidicola, respectively, regardless of the N fertilization rate. Thus, the nitrification inhibition potential of tropical grasses can be outweighed by their impacts on soil moisture, N recycling, and the soil microbiome that together dictate soil N2O fluxes

Lasting effect of Urochloa brizantha on a common bean-wheat-maize rotation in a medium-term no-till system.

Grass intercropping under no-till is an option to increase crop residues on the soil surface and crop diversity. Urochloa spp. is frequently selected for intercropping to improve land use and agricultural production because of its high residue production, slow residue decomposition, as well as its vigorous, abundant, and deep root system. However, the effects of intercropping Urochloa and maize, especially the effects of Urochloa residues, on subsequent crops in rotation have not been established. To address this knowledge gap, a field experiment was carried out over 5 years (from 2014 to 2018) comprising 2 years of maize monocropping or intercropping and 3 years of crop rotation (common bean-wheat-common bean-wheat-maize). We evaluated the medium-term effects of monocropped maize or maize intercropped with Urochloa brizantha on soil fertility and the development, yields, and grain nutrient accumulation of subsequent common bean, wheat, and maize crops. The cultivation of U. brizantha in the intercropping system improved soil fertility over at least 4 years, with increases in soil pH; soil organic matter (SOM); phosphorus (P); exchangeable potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg); sulfur (S?SO42?); cation exchange capacity (CEC); and base saturation (BS) at all soil depths. The benefits of U. brizantha extended to root dry matter and distribution; 70?77% of the total roots were concentrated within a soil depth of 0.0?0.2?m. The intercropping system improved the root dry matter mass, yield components, and grain yields of subsequent common bean, wheat, and maize crops in all cultivation years. These findings indicate that intercropping maize and U. brizantha provides medium-term benefits for subsequent common bean, wheat, and maize crops, and improves nutrient cycling to increase soil P; exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg; S?SO42?; and organic matter content