Respuesta immune celular sistémica y local frente al HVB-1 en terneros sanos y en terneros con el vDVB

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) are important cattle pathogens, which induce a broad immunosuppression on cell-mediated immune response. Both BVDV and BHV-1 are involved in participation of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) among others several microbial agents, being BRDC a major cause of economic loss in the cattle industry. BVDV infection of immunocompetent cattle can cause acute bovine viral diarrhea (BVD). Acute infections with low-virulence ncp BVDV are often asymptomatic or produce only mild clinical symptoms. However, their marked immunosuppressive effect predisposes affected cattle to other infections. Cell-mediated immune response plays a key role in countering infection both in BVDV and in BHV-1, since the humoral response is not sufficient to eliminate infected cells. In this way, the general aim was deepen in the study of systemic and local cellmediated immune response in calves with subclinical BVD and challenged with BHV-1. Based on these premises we design an experimental model in which thirty male Friesian calves (8-9 months old) were randomly assigned to three different groups. Fourteen calves were infected intranasally with ncp BVDV genotype 1 strain 7443. Twelve days later, when the calves did not show neither clinical signs nor viremia against BVDV; twelve of them (BVDV/BHV1 group) and twelve calves belonging to BHV1 group were challenged with BHV-1.1 Iowa strain. The other two animals inoculated with ncp BVDV-1 and BHV-1.1-free, were killed before BHV-1.1 inoculation and used as BVDV infection controls. The animals of the negative control group received dosis of tissue culture fluid free of viruses and were sacrified at the end of the study. Rectal temperatures and clinical signs were monitored daily prior to virus inoculation and throughout the study. Blood, serum and plasma samples were obtained twice from each calf prior to BVDV inoculation in order to obtain basal values, for each analytical procedure. After BVDV inoculation, blood, serum and plasma samples were collected at 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 dpi BVDV from BVDV and control group calves; just as after BHV-1 inoculation at 6, 12 and 18 hpi BHV1 and 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 and 14 dpi BHV-1.1 for several assays. The presence of BVDV and BHV-1 in...El virus de la diarrea vírica bovina (vDVB) y el herpesvirus bovino tipo 1 (HVB-1) son patógenos importantes del ganado bovino, los cuales inducen una profunda inmunosupresión que afecta a la respuesta inmune celular. Ambos virus destacan por su participación en el síndrome respiratorio bovino (SRB), entre otros muchos agentes patógenos, tanto víricos como bacterianos, siendo este SRB una de las mayores causas de pérdidas económicas en la industria del vacuno. Entre los cuadros clínicos que aparecen tras la infección de terneros inmunocompetentes con el vDVB nos centraremos en la diarrea vírica bovina (DVB) en su proceso agudo. Las infecciones agudas con cepas ncp del vDVB de baja virulencia se presentan frecuentemente asintomáticas o producen sólo una sintomatología clínica leve. Sin embargo, su marcado efecto inmunosupresor predispone a los animales afectados a padecer otras infecciones secundarias. La respuesta inmune celular juega un papel muy importante en la resolución de estas infecciones, ya que la respuesta inmune humoral no es capaz de eliminar las células que han sido infectadas, por sí sola. En este sentido, el objetivo general que planteamos fue profundizar en el estudio de la respuesta inmune celular sistémica y local en terneros con DVB subclínica y su respuesta ante una infección secundaria con el HVB-1. En base a estas premisas diseñamos un modelo experimental en el que 30 terneros macho de raza Frisona de entre 8-9 años, se distribuyeron al azar en tres grupos. Infectamos 14 terneros intranasalmente con la cepa ncp 7443 del vDVB genotipo 1. Pasados doce días, cuando los animales no presentaron sintomatología clínica ni viremia, 12 terneros de este grupo (grupo BVDV/BHV1) y 12 terneros del grupo BHV1 aún sin infectar, se inocularon con la cepa Iowa del HVB-1 subtipo 1 (HVB-1.1). Los otros 2 animales, inoculados con el vDVB y libres de HVB-1, se sacrificaron previamente a la infección con HVB-1 y se usaron como controles de la infección del vDVB. Los animales del grupo control negativo recibieron medio de cultivo libre de virus y se sacrificaron al final del experimento. La temperatura rectal y los signos clínicos se controlaron diariamente, en días previos a las infecciones y durante el experimento. Las muestras de sangre, suero y plasma se obtuvieron..

La responsabilidad patrimonial del estado legislador en el derecho español

ResumenEl presente artículo analiza la figura de la responsabilidad patrimonial del Estado legislador que, a diferencia de la responsabilidad de la administración pública y de la administración de justicia, previstas en la Constitución española, en el caso del legislador, su desarrollo en cuanto a principales características y requisitos, ha sido realizado por el Tribunal Supremo, tomando en cuenta, en cuanto fuere necesario, el derecho de la Unión Europea. Esta responsabilidad del Estado legislador puede tener dos orígenes, dependiendo esencialmente del canon de control que se utilice para contrastar la ley en cuestión, es decir, la Constitución española o el derecho de la Unión Europea.AbstractThis article analyzes the figure of the liability of the State legislature that, unlike the responsibility of the Public Administration and the Administration of Justice, under the Spanish Constitution, in the case of the legislature, its development in terms of key features and requirements, has been made by the Supreme Court, taking into account, as necessary, the European Union law. This responsibility of the State legislature may have two origins, depending essentially on the monitoring charge is used to test the law in question, the Spanish Constitution and the European Union law

Gestión Bancaria Nicaraguense : Análisis de fusiones y adquisiciones del banco de crédito centroamericano Bancentro en el periodo finalizado 2015

A menudo la mayoría de las personas suelen asociar las fusiones como una inestabilidad financiera en las instituciones bancarias, lo cual genera desconfianza e inseguridad del publico creando la percepción de perdida, sin embargo en la crisis bancaria de Nicaragua las fusiones ,adquisiciones fueron una de las estrategias que lograron que el país no sufriera más afectaciones en su economía, la mayoría de los bancos que se encontraban en quiebra fueron fusionados o adquiridos por otras instituciones sólidas. En el caso del banco mercantil su cartera de activos y pasivos fue adquirida por el banco de crédito centroamericano BANCENTRO, cuando en el año 2000 ya no pudo resistir las daños causados por la crisis, evitando que los clientes del banco sufrieran perdidas en sus depósitos, de igual manera que las colocaciones de la institución pasaran a cartera saneada lo cual hubiese sido un impacto más, a la débil economía del país. El objetivo principal del trabajo se centra en que los usuarios conozcan la importancia que tuvieron las fusiones y adquisiciones dentro de la crisis bancaria, al brindar un ejemplo real de una adquisición, que fue uno de los tanto casos que surgieron en esta época, en la cual las causas principales fueron la falta de control, una ineficiente gestión bancaria, fraudes, delitos que al final afectaron la cartera, y condujeron a una quiebra sucesiva de los bancos más débiles. En conclusión la gestión realizada por el sistema financiero evito un desastre mayor a la economía. En el caso del banco de crédito centroamericano se realizaron análisis a los estados financieros, evaluaciones a las ventajas y desventajas tanto de la cartera activa como pasiva, al finalizar se concluyó que era una alternativa factible para la institución

Main and Minor Types of Collagens in the Articular Cartilage: The Role of Collagens in Repair Tissue Evaluation in Chondral Defects

Several collagen subtypes have been identified in hyaline articular cartilage. The main and most abundant collagens are type II, IX and XI collagens. The minor and less abundant collagens are type III, IV, V, VI, X, XII, XIV, XVI, XXII, and XXVII collagens. All these collagens have been found to play a key role in healthy cartilage, regardless of whether they are more or less abundant. Additionally, an exhaustive evaluation of collagen fibrils in a repaired cartilage tissue after a chondral lesion is necessary to determine the quality of the repaired tissue and even whether or not this repaired tissue is considered hyaline cartilage. Therefore, this review aims to describe in depth all the collagen types found in the normal articular cartilage structure, and based on this, establish the parameters that allow one to consider a repaired cartilage tissue as a hyaline cartilage

Potential Oestrogenic Effects (Following the OECD Test Guideline 440) and Thyroid Dysfunction Induced by Pure Cyanotoxins (Microcystin-LR, Cylindrospermopsin) in Rats

Potential endocrine-disrupting properties of cyanotoxins, such as microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) are of concern due to their increasing occurrence, the scarcity of reports on the topic (particularly for CYN) and the impact of human's health at different levels. Thus, this work performed for the first time the uterotrophic bioassay in rats, following the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Test Guideline 440, to explore the oestrogenic properties of CYN and MC-LR (75, 150, 300 μg/kg b.w./day) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Results revealed neither changes in the wet and blotted uterus weights nor in the morphometric study of uteri. Moreover, among the steroid hormones analysed in serum, the most remarkable effect was the dose-dependent increase in progesterone (P) levels in rats exposed to MC-LR. Additionally, a histopathology study of thyroids and serum levels of thyroids hormones were determined. Tissue affectation (follicular hypertrophy, exfoliated epithelium, hyperplasia) was observed, as well as increased T3 and T4 levels in rats exposed to both toxins. Taken together, these results point out that CYN and MC-LR are not oestrogenic compounds at the conditions tested in the uterotrophic assay in OVX rats, but, however, thyroid disruption effects cannot be discarded.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación PRE 2020-094412Junta de Andalucía P18-RTJ-195

The escape room as evaluation method: A qualitative study of nursing students’ experiences

Purpose: Gamification or learning using game elements is a process that seeks to capture students’ interest. One of the most popular games in recent years is the Escape Room, but the study of its use in education and with health professionals is still limited. The aim of this study was to find out the perceptions and experiences of final year nursing students in an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) by means of an Escape Room. Methods: In January 2019, 9 focus groups (FG) were held, with a total of 95 final year nursing students. We applied a qualitative content analysis approach and ATLAS.ti version 8 was used for data analysis. Results: The data revealed 3 main themes and 8 sub-themes. The three main themes, which were mapped to the conceptual framework, were student learning outcomes, emotional impact on students and conclusions on the serious games experience. Both the main themes and the sub-themes were illustrated using representative quotes from the participants. Conclusions: These results can help to apply these methodologies, such as the Escape Room, alongside other pre-existing ones, complementing the way in which students are assessed and the development of important nursing skills, such as teamwork and communication

Escape Rooms as a Clinical Evaluation Method for Nursing Students

Background: There are currently no studies available about the possible use of gamification in the evaluation of nursing students’ clinical skills. The purpose of this study was to understand the gameful experience and satisfaction of nursing students in the evaluation of their clinical skills using an escape room. Methods: A quasiexperimental study was carried out. The participants were divided into an experimental group (escape room) and a control group. Results: The experimental group had higher than average scores in all dimensions of the gameful experience scale, except in the dimension of negative effects. Conclusions: Escape rooms are a useful tool for the evaluation of nursing students compared with using the objective structured clinical evaluation

Acute and subchronic 90-days toxicity assessment of propyl-propane-thiosulfinate (PTS) in rats

The organosulfur compounds (OSC) extracted from Allium spp. exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties. The agri-food industry is taking advantage of these properties by using them as natural feed and food additives. In the present work, an acute and a subchronic 90-days toxicity studies have been conducted for the first time to assess the safety of the OSC propyl-propane-thiosulfinate (PTS). Both studies were carried out following the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development test guidelines (425 and 408, respectively). The acute study provided a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 175 mg/kg and the subchronic study established the Non Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) ≥ 55 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)/day in both sexes. In addition, the subchronic study performed on rats exposed to 14, 28 and 55 mg/kg b.w./day PTS, revealed no changes in any of the hematological parameters measured as well as no differences in body weight and water/food consumption. However, biochemical parameters were altered in some groups, although they were not biologically significant (Ca2+ in female rats, and the thyroids hormones T3 and T4 in rat males). Furthermore, the histopathological assessment evidenced no abnormality on the gastrointestinal, respiratory, lymphoid, urinary, circulatory, nervous, musculoskeletal, and reproductive systems.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación RTC-2017-6199-2Junta de Andalucía AT 2017–5323 and P18-TP-214

Identification of reference genes for real-time PCR cytokine gene expression studies in sheep experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica

The aim of this study was to validate reference genes for gene normalisation using qRT-PCR in hepatic lymph nodes (HLN) and livers from sheep infected with Fasciola hepatica during early and late stages of infection. To this end, a comprehensive statistical approach (RefFinder) encompassing four different methods of analysis (geNorm, BestKeeper, ΔCt method and NormFinder) was used to validate ten candidate reference genes. Stability analysis of gene expression followed by pairwise variation (Vn/Vn + 1) analysis revealed that PGK1, HSP90AA1 and GYPC were the most stable reference genes and suitable for qRT-PCR normalisation in both HLN and liver tissues. These three genes were validated against FoxP3, IL-10, TGF-β, TNF-α and IL-1β genes in the HLN tissue of sheep vaccinated with Cathepsin L1 from F. hepatica and unvaccinated infected and uninfected controls during early stages of infection. In the liver, the three reference genes were validated against TNF-α and IL-1β during chronic stages of infection with F. hepatica and in uninfected controls. Our study is the first to evaluate and validate sheep reference genes in order to provide tools for monitoring cytokines in Fasciola hepatica infected sheep target organs. Our results present an approach to elucidate the role of different cytokines in F. hepatica vaccinated and infected shee

Invoking Chiral Vector Leptoquark to explain LFU violation in B Decays

LHCb has recently reported more than $2\sigma$ deviation from the Standard Model prediction in the observable $R_{J/\psi}$. We study this anomaly in the framework of a vector leptoquark along with other lepton flavor universality violating measurements which include $R_{K^{(*)}}$, and $R_{D^{(*)}}$. We show that a chiral vector leptoquark can explain all the aforementioned anomalies consistently while also respecting other experimental constraints