Molecular detection of Borrelia burgdorferi in free-living golden headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Some Studies of Cory's Shearwater Calonectris diomedea, around the Island of Santa Maria.

V Expedição Científica do Departamento de Biologia – Santa Maria e Formigas 1990.Preliminary observations were made in relation to preparation for a joint University of Glasgow/Universidade do Algarve expedition to the Azores, in August/September, 1990, to study the diet, feeding ecology and colony attendance patterns of the Cagarro or Cory's shearwater Calonectris diomedea. A search was made for breeding colonies suitable for detailed studies, and observations were made on the distribution of birds at sea and on rafting behaviour

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Pesquisa de patógenos (Leptospira spp., Rotavírus, Vírus da hepatite E e Norovírus) em uma população de mico-leão-da-cara-dourada (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) de um parque urbano de Mata Atlântica em Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Most nonhuman primates are distributed throughout tropical countries, most of all in Brazil. However, half of the Brazilian endemic species live in areas where deforestation rates are over 90%. The world currently faces severe biodiversity losses caused by anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, pollution, introduction of exotic species, habitat fragmentation, and climate changes all consequences of the rising of agriculture, livestock and urbanization; a great risk for wild animal species. The golden-headed lion tamarin (GHLT; Leontophitecus chrysomelas) is an endangered species that became invasive in an exotic forested area in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The initially few invasive GHLT individuals became hundreds, adapted to living in proximity to humans and domestic animals, frequently found inside houses, digging garbage, crossing streets and in open sewers. These GHLTs were captured as part of a conservation project; some animals were translocated to Bahia state, in southern Brazil, an area within the species original range, whiel the remaining individuals were kept in captivity. Disease ecology in altered environments is still poorly understood; however, these GHLTs likely had contact with many pathogens. Therefore, the present study aimed on surveying this population for possible pathogens: Leptospira spp., Rotavirus A, Norovirus GI and GII, and Hepatitis E virus 3 HEV 3. A total of 939 serum samples from 593 GHLTs were tested for 21 Leptospira serovars, resulting in three positive sera samples from two GHLTs: one for serovar Shermani and one for serovar Hebdomadis. Molecular methods (PCR) were employed on 100 kidney samples from animals that died in captivity due to other reasons: only one sample was positive for a saprophytic Leptospira. Fecal pools from 101 family groups were all negative for RNA RT-PCR (Rotavirus A, Norovirus GI and GII, and HEV 3). Our findings suggest that the epidemiological importance of such pathogens in this GHLT population is either low or non-existent. These results are unexpected and surprising considering the intensely altered environment and biology observed in this GHLT population. These data are important to understand the local disease ecology, as well as to evaluate the efficiency of the translocation project, with the final goal of performing future studies to compare our data with those obtained from the translocated animals.A maioria dos primatas não humanos está distribuída em países tropicais e o Brasil é mais rico destes, com metade de suas espécies endêmicas em áreas onde mais de 90% do habitat natural já foram devastadas. Realmente, o mundo enfrenta uma perda global de biodiversidade por ações antrópicas. As ações antropogênicas, como o desmatamento, poluição, introdução de espécies exóticas, fragmentação do habitat e mudanças climáticas devido ao aumento da agricultura, pecuária e urbanização representam um grande risco para as espécies de animais selvagens. O Mico-leão-da-cara-dourada (MLCD - Leontophitecus chrysomelas) é uma espécie ameaçada que se tornou invasora em uma área fora de sua distribuição natural, em Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Esses animais se tornaram centenas a partir de poucos indivíduos, se adaptaram vivendo perto de humanos e animais domésticos, frequentemente vistos dentro de casas, remexendo em lixo, atravessando ruas e esgoto à céu aberto. Os MLCDs foram capturados como parte de um projeto de conservação, sendo que parcela dos animais foi translocada para uma área de ocorrência da espécie, no sul da Bahia (Brasil), e parte permaneceu em cativeiro. A ecologia de doenças em ambientes alterados como este não é bem conhecida, mas é factível supor que os MLCD tiveram contato com muitos agentes patogênicos. Desta forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo pesquisar 4 patógenos (Leptospira spp., Rotavírus A, Norovírus GI e GII e vírus da Hepatite E 3 - VHE 3) nesta população de MLCD de Niterói. Um total de 939 amostras de soro de 593 L. chrysomelas foram testadas para 21 sorovares de Leptospira, resultando em apenas 3 amostras positivas de 2 animais: um para o sorovar Shermani e um para sorovar Hebdomadis. Métodos moleculares (PCR) foram empregados em 100 amostras de rim de animais que vieram a óbito em cativeiro por causas diversas, e apenas uma Leptospira saprófita foi detectada em uma amostra. Para a pesquisa dos RNA vírus (Rotavírus A, Norovirus GI e GII e VHE 3), pool de fezes de 101 grupos familiares foram analisados por RT-PCR, sendo que todas as amostras foram negativas. Os resultados sugerem que esses patógenos têm menor importância epidemiológica nesta população de MLCD de Niterói. Acreditamos que os presentes resultados são inesperados e surpreendentes, considerando todo o ambiente e a biologia alteradas dos MLCDs constituintes da população invasora presente em Niterói. Ainda, consideramos que esses dados são importantes para entender a ecologia das doenças na região, bem como para servir como dados testemunhos com fins de acompanhar o projeto de translocação, especialmente com vistas a estudos futuros com os animais translocados

Molecular detection of Borrelia burgdorferi in free-living golden headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Negative serosurvey of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in Golden-headed Lion Tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) from Niterói/RJ, Brazil

Abstract New World Nonhuman Primates are highly susceptible to clinical toxoplasmosis. Serum samples from 126 recently captured Leontopithecus chrysomelas, from an exotic and invasive population, were tested for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies by the modified agglutination test (MAT, cut-off 1:25); all were seronegative. The MAT is highly specific and is not species-specific. This is the first report of T. gondii survey in this tamarin in the wild. This result is consistent with prior reports that showed the high susceptibility of the species to infection by T. gondii usually with high mortality rates