Plato’s Republic and some aspects of political psychology in 20th century philosophy

Platonova Država se u XX i XXI veku čita i tumači kao političko-pravni spis, kao svestrano filozofsko delo i kao remek-delo dramske književnosti. Namera ovog rada je da pokaže da je Država i veliko psihološko delo. Kao što su u Državi postavljena i razmatrana pitanja koja su u XX veku ključna za većinu filozofskih disciplina: za logiku, epistemologiju, metafiziku, kosmologiju, teologiju, estetiku, etiku, politiku, zbog čega je Vajthed napisao da je celokupna zapadna filozofija samo fusnota uz Platona, u Državi su postavljena ili razmatrana psihološka pitanja i problemi kojima se bave najvažnije discipline i oblasti psihologije XX veka: opšta psihologija, individualna psihologija, socijalna psihologija, školska psihologija i klinička psihologija, zatim, psihologija muzike, psihologija sporta, psihologija detinjstva, psihologija starosti, psihologija seksualnosti, kao i najintegrativnija od disciplina, psihologija ličnosti. U Državi su izneseni i nacrti nekoliko zanimljivih i veoma savremenih psiholoških teorija, kakve su: teorija o strukturi ljudske psihe, teorija potreba i teorija nagona. Platon je u Državi psihoanalitičar pre Frojdove psihoanalize zbog toga što je opisao niz njenih pojmova kakvi su: nesvesno, asocijacije, eros, sublimacija, racionalizacija, potiskivanje, san i cenzura. Od ključne važnosti za ovaj rad jeste to što ukazuje da je u Državi psihologija Platonova preokupacija koliko i politika, a teorija ličnosti, koliko i teorija države. Platonova tipologija političkih karaktera ima ubedljivost, iako nije ni približno slavna kao Teofrastovi Karakteri i Hipokratovi tipovi temperamenata. Ovaj rad ima za cilj da Platona predstavi kao utemeljivača filozofske psihologije, socijalne, i političke psihologije koje su sve aktuelne i u našem vremenu.In the 20th and 21st centuries, Plato’s Republic is read and interpreted as both a political and legal text, a comprehensive philosophical work and a masterpiece of dramatic literature. The intention of this dissertation is to show how, in addition to the above interpretations, Republic is also a great work pertaining to the field of psychology. Republic poses and considers questions that were crucial for the majority of philosophical disciplines in the 20th century: logic, epistemology, metaphysics, cosmology, theology, aesthetics, ethics and politics, which is why Whitehead wrote that the entirety of Western philosophy is but a series of footnotes to Plato. Republic raises and discusses questions and problems dealt with by the most important disciplines of the field of psychology in the 20th century: general psychology, individual psychology, social psychology, school psychology, clinical psychology, the psychology of music, the psychology of sport, the psychologies of childhood and old age, the psychology of sexuality and, the most interdisciplinary of all disciplines, personality psychology. Several highly interesting and modern psychological theories were also presented in Republic: the theory of the structure of the human psyche, the theory of needs and the theory of drives. In Republic, Plato is a psychoanalyst who predates Freud’s psychoanalysis because he described a number of its key concepts such as the subconscious, association, eros, sublimation, rationalisation, suppression, dreaming and censorship. Of key importance for this dissertation is the indication that, in Republic, Plato is as preoccupied with psychology as he is with politics, and with the theory of personality as much as with the theory of the state. Plato’s typology of political characters is persuasive, despite lacking the recognition of Theophrastus’s Characters and Hippocrates’ four temperaments. This dissertation aims to present Plato as the founder of philosophical psychology, social psychology and political psychology, all of which are as relevant now as they were during his time

Modifikovani bentonit kao adsorbent i katalizator za prečišćavanje otpadnih voda koje sadrže boje

Modification and characterization of bentonite from location Bogovina, Serbia was performed in order to obtain material applicable in wastewater purification. The LT 75μm bentonite fraction was used in organobentonite synthesis while the LT 2μm bentonite fraction, obtained by hydroseparation was used in pillaring procedure. Organo-modification of bentonite was performed with (1-hexadecyl)trimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA-Br). Pillared bentonite was obtained using standard procedure. Al3+ and Fe3+ were incorporated in pillars in 4:1 ratio and applied as catalyst in catalytic wet peroxide oxidation. Differences in structure of starting and modified bentonites were established by XRD analysis and nitrogen physisorption on -196°C. The (001) smectite peak around 2θ = 6° shifts during the modification process. The Na-exchange process lowered d001 from 1.53 nm (2θ = 5.78°) for starting clay to 1.28 nm (2θ = 6.92°), but the clay retained its swelling properties. The pillaring process increased and fixed the basal spacing to 1.74 nm. Intercalation of HDTMA ions into smectite structure increased d001 to 2.00 nm for organobentonite. Specific surface area, SBET, was affected by particle size and type of modification. The samples with finer bentonite fraction had higher SBET due to increased smectite content. Na-exchanged bentonite samples had higher SBET value than starting clay samples of same granulation. Organo modification caused dramatic decrease in SBET value, while the pillaring process lead to an increase of SBET value. Adsorptive and catalytic purification of wastewaters containing dyes was tested using Acid Yellow 99 as a model dye. Na-exchanged bentonite had greater adsorption affinity for dye adsorption than raw bentonite owing to higher SBET. By organomodification this affinity was enhanced more than 70 times due to transition of bentonite surface from hydrophilic to organophilic. Al, Fe pillared bentonite was proven to be efficient in catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of Acid Yellow 99 dye at room temperature.Izvršena je modifikacija i karakterizacija bentonita radi dobijanja materijala za prečišćavanje otpadnih voda. Organo-modifikacija bentonita izvedena je pomoću heksadeciltrimetilamonijum-bromida. Pilareni bentonit dobijen je standardnim postupkom uz ugradnju Al3+ i Fe3+ jona u odnosu 4:1, i korišćen je kao katalizator za oksidativnu razgradnju u prisustvu vodonik-peroksida. Razlike u strukturi polaznog i modifikovanih bentonita utvrđene su rendgeno-strukturnom analizom i fizisorpcijom azota na -196°C. Ispitivano je adsorpciono i katalitičko prečišćavanje otpadnih voda koje sadrže boje, korišćenjem Acid Yellow 99 kao model boje. Izvršeno je poređenje katalitičkih i adsorpiconih svojstava modifikovanih bentonita

Plato’s Republic and some aspects of political psychology in 20th century philosophy

Platonova Država se u XX i XXI veku čita i tumači kao političko-pravni spis, kao svestrano filozofsko delo i kao remek-delo dramske književnosti. Namera ovog rada je da pokaže da je Država i veliko psihološko delo. Kao što su u Državi postavljena i razmatrana pitanja koja su u XX veku ključna za većinu filozofskih disciplina: za logiku, epistemologiju, metafiziku, kosmologiju, teologiju, estetiku, etiku, politiku, zbog čega je Vajthed napisao da je celokupna zapadna filozofija samo fusnota uz Platona, u Državi su postavljena ili razmatrana psihološka pitanja i problemi kojima se bave najvažnije discipline i oblasti psihologije XX veka: opšta psihologija, individualna psihologija, socijalna psihologija, školska psihologija i klinička psihologija, zatim, psihologija muzike, psihologija sporta, psihologija detinjstva, psihologija starosti, psihologija seksualnosti, kao i najintegrativnija od disciplina, psihologija ličnosti. U Državi su izneseni i nacrti nekoliko zanimljivih i veoma savremenih psiholoških teorija, kakve su: teorija o strukturi ljudske psihe, teorija potreba i teorija nagona. Platon je u Državi psihoanalitičar pre Frojdove psihoanalize zbog toga što je opisao niz njenih pojmova kakvi su: nesvesno, asocijacije, eros, sublimacija, racionalizacija, potiskivanje, san i cenzura. Od ključne važnosti za ovaj rad jeste to što ukazuje da je u Državi psihologija Platonova preokupacija koliko i politika, a teorija ličnosti, koliko i teorija države. Platonova tipologija političkih karaktera ima ubedljivost, iako nije ni približno slavna kao Teofrastovi Karakteri i Hipokratovi tipovi temperamenata. Ovaj rad ima za cilj da Platona predstavi kao utemeljivača filozofske psihologije, socijalne, i političke psihologije koje su sve aktuelne i u našem vremenu.In the 20th and 21st centuries, Plato’s Republic is read and interpreted as both a political and legal text, a comprehensive philosophical work and a masterpiece of dramatic literature. The intention of this dissertation is to show how, in addition to the above interpretations, Republic is also a great work pertaining to the field of psychology. Republic poses and considers questions that were crucial for the majority of philosophical disciplines in the 20th century: logic, epistemology, metaphysics, cosmology, theology, aesthetics, ethics and politics, which is why Whitehead wrote that the entirety of Western philosophy is but a series of footnotes to Plato. Republic raises and discusses questions and problems dealt with by the most important disciplines of the field of psychology in the 20th century: general psychology, individual psychology, social psychology, school psychology, clinical psychology, the psychology of music, the psychology of sport, the psychologies of childhood and old age, the psychology of sexuality and, the most interdisciplinary of all disciplines, personality psychology. Several highly interesting and modern psychological theories were also presented in Republic: the theory of the structure of the human psyche, the theory of needs and the theory of drives. In Republic, Plato is a psychoanalyst who predates Freud’s psychoanalysis because he described a number of its key concepts such as the subconscious, association, eros, sublimation, rationalisation, suppression, dreaming and censorship. Of key importance for this dissertation is the indication that, in Republic, Plato is as preoccupied with psychology as he is with politics, and with the theory of personality as much as with the theory of the state. Plato’s typology of political characters is persuasive, despite lacking the recognition of Theophrastus’s Characters and Hippocrates’ four temperaments. This dissertation aims to present Plato as the founder of philosophical psychology, social psychology and political psychology, all of which are as relevant now as they were during his time

Modified bentonite as adsorbent and catalyst for purification of wastewaters containing dyes

Modification and characterization of bentonite from location Bogovina, Serbia was performed in order to obtain material applicable in wastewater purification. The <75μm bentonite fraction was used in organobentonite synthesis while the <2μm bentonite fraction, obtained by hydroseparation was used in pillaring procedure. Organo-modification of bentonite was performed with (1-hexadecyl)trimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA-Br). Pillared bentonite was obtained using standard procedure. Al3+ and Fe3+ ions were incorporated in pillars in 4:1 ratio and applied as catalyst in catalytic wet peroxide oxidation. Differences in structure of starting and modified bentonites were established by XRD analysis and nitrogen physisorption on -196 °C. The (001) smectite peak around 2θ = 6° shifts during the modification process. The Na-exchange process lowered d001 from 1.53 nm (2θ = 5.78°) for starting clay to 1.28 nm (2θ = 6.92°), but the clay retained its swelling properties. The pillaring process increased and fixed the basal spacing to 1.74 nm. Intercalation of HDTMA ions into smectite structure increased d001 to 2.00 nm for organobentonite. Specific surface area, SBET, was affected by particle size and type of modification. The samples with finer bentonite fraction had higher SBET due to increased smectite content. Na-exchanged bentonite samples had higher SBET value than starting clay samples of same granulation. Organomodification caused dramatic decrease in SBET value, while the pillaring process lead to an increase of SBET value. Adsorptive and catalytic purification of wastewaters containing dyes was tested using Acid Yellow 99 as a model dye. Na-exchanged bentonite had greater adsorption affinity for dye adsorption than raw bentonite owing to higher SBET. By organomodification this affinity was enhanced more than 70 times due to transition of bentonite surface from hydrophilic to organophilic. Al,Fe pillared bentonite was proven to be efficient in catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of Acid Yellow 99 dye at room temperature

Electrooxidation of p-nitrophenol using a composite organo-smectite clay glassy carbon electrode

Bentonite clay rich in smectite clay mineral from seldom investigated locality Mecji Do (MD) in Serbia was modified. The organomodification was performed with different loadings of benzyltrimethylammonium (BTMA) cation. The characterization of clay-based samples was performed, including XRD, FTIR and chemical and textural analysis. Electrochemical investigation was performed on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) support with thin film of homogenously deposited either Na-enriched or one of organomodified clays forming composite electrodes. The behavior of the composite electrodes in the electrooxidation of p-nitrophenol (p-NP) in acidic media was analyzed using multisweep cyclic voltammetry. Oxidation of p-NP occurred at 1.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl for all investigated electrodes. The results indicate that the incorporation of BTMA cations into smectite enhanced the electrode stability toward the electrooxidation of p-NP in comparison to bare GCE and composite electrode based on Na-enriched clay. The current density for the p-NP oxidation wave slightly decreased with the increase of BTMA loading. On the other hand the electrode stability was significantly improved with the increase of BTMA loading. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved