Time-of-use and time-of-export tariffs for home batteries: Effects on low voltage distribution networks

Time-of-use electricity tariffs are gradually being introduced around the world to expose consumers to the time-dependency of demand, however their effects on peak flows in distribution networks, particularly in areas with domestic energy storage, are little understood. This paper presents investigations into the impact of time-of-use and time-of-export tariffs in residential areas with various penetrations of battery storage, rooftop solar PV, and heat pumps. By simulating battery operation in response to high resolution household-level electrical and thermal demand data, it is found that home batteries operating to maximise cost savings in houses signed up to time-dependent tariffs cause little reduction in import and export peaks at the low voltage level, largely because domestic import and export peaks are spread out over time. When operating to maximise savings from the first three-tier time-of-use tariff introduced in the UK, batteries could even cause increases in peak demand at low voltage substations, if many batteries in the area commence charging at the start of the overnight off-peak price band. Home batteries operating according to time-dependent electricity tariffs significantly miss out on the potential peak shaving that could otherwise be achieved through dedicated peak shaving incentives schemes and smarter storage control strategies

The potential for peak shaving on low voltage distribution networks using electricity storage

Co-location of energy storage with demand provides several benefits over other locations, while still being able to provide balancing services to the grid. One of these additional benefits is deferral of distribution infrastructure reinforcement, allowing increased load growth. This paper considers the potential of electricity storage for peak shaving on distribution networks, focusing on residential areas. A demand model is used to synthesise high resolution domestic load profiles, and these are used within Monte Carlo analysis to determine how much peak shaving could be achieved with storage. An efficient method of finding the potential peak shaving using electricity storage is developed for this purpose. It is shown that moderate levels of storage capacity can deliver significant demand reductions, if suitably coordinated and incentivised. With 2 kWh of battery storage per household, the peak demand at low voltage substations could potentially be halved. The effects of PV capacity, household size and C rates are considered. With 3 kW PV per house, 4.5 kWh of batteries could keep peak flows at the same level as before the addition of PV. It is also shown that 3 kWh of battery storage per household could allow provision of all heating from heat pumps without increasing t he peak demand

Relación del uso de la inteligencia comercial internacional en el desempeño exportador de las empresas exportadoras de jengibre de la región Junín, periodo 2021 – 2022

El objetivo general de la tesis fue determinar la relación que existe entre el uso de la inteligencia comercial internacional y el desempeño exportador de las empresas exportadoras de jengibre de la región Junín, periodo 2021 – 2022. El enfoque fue cuantitativo, de tipo aplicada, de alcance correlacional; el método general fue de investigación científica, bajo un diseño de investigación no experimental, de clase transeccional (transvesal) y tipo correlacionales-causales. Se utilizo con un tipo de muestra censal de 20 exportadoras de jengibre ubicadas en la región de Junín en función a la información proporcionada por PROMPERÚ. La técnica aplicada fue la encuesta, como instrumento el cuestionario compuesto por 10 preguntas para la variable I (inteligencia comercial) y 10 peguntas preguntas para la variable II (desempeño exportador). El instrumento fue aplicado en formato digital, con preguntas cerradas de tipo Likert con 5 niveles. La validez de medición del instrumento fue determinada por juicio de expertos de dos especialistas, para la confiabilidad como técnica de cálculo se aplicó Alfa de Cronbach obteniendo como resultado para cada variable 0,847 y 0,866 Se obtuvo también el coeficiente Rho Spearman de 0,857 y el p-valor es menor al 0,050=5%, con un 95% de nivel de confianza. Finalmente, se concluye la investigación habiéndose demostrando la validación de la hipótesis general: La inteligencia comercial internacional se relaciona de manera directa y significativa con el desempeño exportador de las empresas exportadoras de jengibre de la región Junín, periodo 2021 – 2022