How long is long? Word length effects in reading correspond to minimal graphemic units: An MEG study in Bangla.

This paper presents a magnetoencephalography (MEG) study on reading in Bangla, an east Indo-Aryan language predominantly written in an abugida script. The study aims to uncover how visual stimuli are processed and mapped onto abstract linguistic representations in the brain. Specifically, we investigate the neural responses that correspond to word length in Bangla, a language with a unique orthography that introduces multiple ways to measure word length. Our results show that MEG signals localised in the anterior left fusiform gyrus, at around 130ms, are highly correlated with word length when measured in terms of the number of minimal graphemic units in the word rather than independent graphemic units (akśar) or phonemes. Our findings suggest that minimal graphemic units could serve as a suitable metric for measuring word length in non-alphabetic orthographies such as Bangla

The effect of vanadium-carbon monolayer on the adsorption of tungsten and carbon atoms on tungsten-carbide (0001) surface

We report a first-principles calculations to study the effect of a vanadium-carbon (VC) monolayer on the adsorption process of tungsten (W) and carbon (C) atoms onto tungsten-carbide (WC) (0001) surface. The essential configuration for the study is a supercell of hexagonal WC with a (0001) surface. When adding the VC monolayer, we employed the lowest energy configuration by examining various configurations. The total energy of the system is computed as a function of the W or C adatoms’ height from the surface. The adsorption of a W and C adatom on a clean WC (0001) surface is compared with that of a W and C adatom on a WC (0001) surface with VC monolayer. The calculations show that the adsorption energy increased for both W and C adatoms in presence of the VC monolayer. Our results provide a fundamental understanding that can explain the experimentally observed phenomena of inhibited grain growth during sintering of WC or WC-Co powders in presence of VC

On the role of a new type of correlated disorder in extended electronic states in the Thue-Morse lattice

A new type of correlated disorder is shown to be responsible for the appearance of extended electronic states in one-dimensional aperiodic systems like the Thue-Morse lattice. Our analysis leads to an understanding of the underlying reason for the extended states in this system, for which only numerical evidence is available in the literature so far. The present work also sheds light on the restrictive conditions under which the extended states are supported by this lattice.Comment: 11 pages, LaTeX V2.09, 1 figure (available on request), to appear in Physical Review Letter

Role of living conditions and socioenvironmental factors on chronotype in adolescents

An individual's chronotype, defined as the preference for rest and activity at different times of the day, is linked to several physiological and psychological outcomes. Research on environmental determinants of chronotype has focussed mostly on geographic location, whereas other socioenvironmental determinants have been neglected. We aimed to investigate the association between other previously unrecognized socioenvironmental factors and chronotypes in adolescents. We analysed data of 1916 Bengali adolescents (aged between 13-14 years, 47% girls). Chronotype was determined by the reduced morningness-eveningness questionnaire (rMEQ), and socioenvironmental factors were identified through a structured questionnaire. Associations were analysed using multinomial logistic regression models. Our findings demonstrated that living in urban areas, the presence of a smoker at home, and higher parental education were associated with a higher evening activity (eveningness), while the use of biomass cooking media (compared to liquefied petroleum gas) and assisting parents in farming were associated with higher morningness in adolescents. This is the first study to identify the association between previously unrecognized socioenvironmental factors and chronotypes delineating the interaction between environment and sleep in adolescents and might help the parents to understand the importance of a proper sleep-activity rhythm of their kids through a comprehensive understanding of their surrounding environment and other factors

Accurate Description of Photoionization Dynamical Parameters

Calculation of dynamical parameters for photoionization requires an accurate description of the initial and final states of the system, as well as of the outgoing electron. We show that using a linear combination of atomic orbitals B-spline density functional theory (DFT) method to describe the outgoing electron, in combination with correlated equation of motion coupled cluster singles and double Dyson orbitals, gives good agreement with experiment and outperforms other simpler approaches, like plane and Coulomb waves, used to describe the photoelectron. Results are presented for cross-sections, angular distributions, and dichroic parameters in chiral molecules, as well as for photoionization from excited states. We also present a comparison with the results obtained using Hartree-Fock and DFT molecular orbitals selected according to Koopmans' theorem for the bound states

Extended electronic states in disordered 1-d lattices: an example

We discuss a very simple model of a 1-d disordered lattice, in which {\em all} the electronic eigenstates are extended. The nature of these states is examined from several viewpoints, and it is found that the eigenfunctions are not Bloch functions although they extend throughout the chain. Some typical wavefunctions are plotted. This problem originated in our earlier study of extended states in the quasiperiodic copper-mean lattice [ Sil, Karmakar, Moitra and Chakrabarti, Phys. Rev. B (1993) ]. In the present investigation extended states are found to arise from a different kind of correlation than that of the well-known dimer-type.Comment: 9 pages, 1 figure available on request, LaTex version 2.09, SINP-SSMP93-0

Learning to Fix Build Errors with Graph2Diff Neural Networks

Professional software developers spend a significant amount of time fixing builds, but this has received little attention as a problem in automatic program repair. We present a new deep learning architecture, called Graph2Diff, for automatically localizing and fixing build errors. We represent source code, build configuration files, and compiler diagnostic messages as a graph, and then use a Graph Neural Network model to predict a diff. A diff specifies how to modify the code’s abstract syntax tree, represented in the neural network as a sequence of tokens and of pointers to code locations. Our network is an instance of a more general abstraction which we call Graph2Tocopo, which is potentially useful in any development tool for predicting source code changes. We evaluate the model on a dataset of over 500k real build errors and their resolutions from professional developers. Compared to the approach of DeepDelta [23], our approach tackles the harder task of predicting a more precise diff but still achieves over double the accuracy