Density and Mobility Impact on MANET Routing Protocols in a Maritime Environment

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETS) are multi hop wireless networks, where a packet hops through a number of intermediate nodes within coverage range of each other to reach the intended destination. The novel application of MANET routing protocols in the marine environment using available technology is one of the contributions of this work. The high cost of other available technologies which require direct connection to IP networks make our approach an attractive proposition for small craft. In this paper we investigate the effect of different maritime traffic patterns on the performance of three different MANET routing protocols which are Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Ad hoc On-Demand Multi Path Distance Vector (AOMDV) and Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV). The traffic patterns are represented by different node densities and mobility behaviours which are likely to be found in the marine environment. Performance evaluation of the MANET protocols is compared in terms of packet delivery ratio

(AMDC) Algorithm for wireless sensor networks in the marine environment

Abstract—Data compression is known today as one of the most important enabling technologies that form the foundation of the majority of data applications and networks as we know them, including wireless sensor networks and the popular world wide net (internet). Marine data networks are gaining increasing interest in the research community due to the increasing request for data services over the sea. There are a very narrow range of available solutions because of the absence of infrastructure over such vast water surfaces. We have previously proposed applying MANET networks in the marine environment using VHF technology available on the majority of ships and vessels in order to gather different sensor data such as sea depth, temperature, wind speed and direction, etc. and send it to a central server to produce a public information map. We also discusses the gains and drawbacks of our proposal including the problem of low rate data transmission offered by VHF radio limited to 9.6 Kbps. In this paper we investigate the application of appropriate data quantization and compression techniques to the marine sensor data collected in order to reduce the burden on the channel links and achieve better transmission efficiency. Keywords—Wireless sensor network, Mobile Ad hoc Network, Very High Frequency, Sensor

Claim Analysis of Construction Projects in Oman

Claims are one of the problems that  construction project may face. Claims might cause many affects such as payment delay, extension of time and work suspension. This paper aims to highlight claims in construction industry in Oman and factors affecting these claims, as a result of construction boom, claims get bigger attention due to the high effect on the main elements of construction management. Field study has been conducted to collect data required in claim concern. Data were collected through data collecting form designed for this purpose, collected data was for 45 projects with specific criteria. According to the analyzed data, it’s been shown that the average of claims in construction projects is 2.6 claims per project, most of these claims are: extension of time effect, solved in negotiation manner, occurred in lump sum contracts. Owners are the first party "as sources of claims" with 42% of research sample over other sources like consultants, contractor and contract documents

Determination Superoxide Dismutase and Glutathione Levels in Serum of Patients with Diabetic Foot Infection in Karbala City

Background: Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) are identified as localized purulence or inflammation that appears at the site beneath the malleoli in a diabetic patient. The goal of this study was to measure the levels of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in healthy people in Karbala city as well as in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who had or did not have diabetic foot ulcers.  Materials and Methods:This study involved 120 participants ranging in age from 35 to 75 years, and was conducted at the Imam Al-Hassan Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes in Karbala, Iraq. To seperate the serum, five milliliters of the participants\u27 blood were collected, put within gel tubes, and spun at 4000 xg in a cooled centrifuge. The serum was stored at -20˚C in Eppendorf tubes prior to utilizing it in determination of SOD and GSH levels. Results:  Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity mean levels in DFI group where the result from patient were significantly lower (241.4±35.61) (U / L) (p≤0.001) than in diabetic patients and healthy individuals. Similarly, glutathione (GSH) mean levels in DFI group patients were lower than in diabetic patients and healthy individuals (26.586±2.77) µmole/ml (p≤0.001). Conclusion: These results imply that diabetic foot infections may be influenced by decreased antioxidant levels. This suggests that these antioxidants may be used as possible markers to diabetic those who are more vulnerable

Evaluation of Some Immunological Parameters Associated with Diabetic Foot Infection in Kerbala Governorate

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder that lasts to amplify considerably. One of its numerous complications is Diabetic foot infection (DFI) that may cause several alterations in immunological parameters’ value. This study aimed to evaluate some immunological parameters including Toll like Receptor-2, Interleukin-17A and C-reactive protein in patients of type two diabetes mellitus with or without diabetic foot ulcers and in healthy individuals in Kerbala city. The current study, performed at Imam Al-Hassan Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes in Karbala, Iraq, for 120 patients of diabetic foot of both sexes and diverse ages starts from 35 years- ≥ 75.  Seven ml of blood have drained from participants though a disposable syringe. The blood has been placed inside a gel tubes and centrifuged at 4000 xg in cooling centrifuge to get serum. The serum was put into an Eppendorf tubes and kept at (-20˚C) until using it. The mean level of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) in DFI patients was (7.36±1.85) ng/ml which was significantly higher than in  DM patients and control groups (p ≤ 0.001) while in interleukin-17A (IL-17A), the mean of levels in DFI patients were (123.7±33.52) ng/L which was significantly higher than DM and control groups (P ≤ 0.001) and C-reactive protein (CRP) showed a higher rate in DFI patients (92.9±78.26) mg/L which was significantly higher than DM and control groups (p ≤ 0.001). In Conclusions: Our current study displays that the Presence of significant elevated levels of immunological markers like TLR-2,  IL-17A and CRP in DFI patients in comparison to DM and Control groups could support a positive role of these markers in T2DM pathogenesis

Role of rs5743708 SNP in the risk of Bacterial Respiratory Infections in Children of Ramadi city/Iraq

Background and Aim: Respiratory Infections are a major global health and financial burden, so among cause the five most common and deadly for respiratory illnesses is acute lower respiratory tract infections (RTIs), these infections claim over 4 million lives annually. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components of the innate immune system that recognize pathogen which associated a molecular patterns) PAMPs) and initiate an immune response. Understanding the role of TLR polymorphisms in susceptibility to respiratory infections in children is important for developing strategies to prevent and treat these infections. So, the current study aims to "Investigate the potential association between TLR2 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to respiratory infections in children". Methodology: The study included collect of 300 samples with respiratory infection from both sex with range ages(1-12) years, and other 50 healthy control samples. The samples were collected from general and private hospitals in Ramadi city, Iraq. PCR was carried out using primer for gene target and amplification of target gene. Sanger Sequencing conducted with both direction for all samples. Results and Conclusion: The result of sputum culture indicate that 100 of suspected samples were positive culturing while other demonstrate a negative growth. The results analysis of sequencing according to Query and subjected samples indicated that 4 of patient have SNP  of rs5743708 G>A, while there is not found in control samples, and the results of genotype frequencies analysis it was found that TLR2 polymorphism was associated with increased risk for bacterial respiratory infections in children according to under study samples, but no statistical significant differences correlation of rs5743708 G>A and infection, with adjusted odds ratio [OD:5.3; 95%Cl: 0.3-101; P: 0.2]

Effect of spraying with the extract of the local anemone coronaria flowers and isoflurane in reducing the economic losses caused by stress of transporting broiler

The effect of the extract on the transport stress of broiler chickens transported during different seasons of the year was experimentally studied. During the months of February, March, July, August, and different regions of Iraq, with a density of 10 or 12 birds per cage, as the Ross 308 birds were divided into 10 treatments per move and three replicates for each treatment. The T1 treatment was control without spraying, and the number of birds was 10 in the cage. T2 control without spraying and the number of birds 12 in the cage. T3 Spraying the birds with an extract of local Anemone coronaria flowers at a concentration of 2% and the number of birds is 10 in the cage. T4 Spraying the birds with an extract of local Anemone coronaria flowers at a concentration of 4% and the number of birds 10 in the cage. T5 Spraying the birds with an extract of local Anemone coronaria flowers at a concentration of 6% and the number of birds 10 in the cage. T6 Spraying the birds with an extract of local Anemone coronaria flowers at a concentration of 2%. The number of birds is 12 in the cage. T7 Spraying the birds with an extract of local Anemone coronaria flowers at a concentration of 4%. The number of birds is 12 in the cage. T8 Spraying the birds with an extract of local Anemone coronaria flowers at a concentration of 6% and the number of birds is 12 in the cage. T9 Spraying birds with isoflurane at a concentration of 6%, the number of birds is 10 per cage. T10 Spraying birds with isoflurane at a concentration of 6%. The number of birds is 12 per cage ,The birds were sprayed for 5 minutes before the transfer process, according to the above treatments, and the duration of one transfer was 240 minutes ± 10 minutes, from the results of the field experiment, it can be noted that there was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the rate of weight loss during the months of February and March, as the spraying treatments T5, T9, T10 recorded (81, 76, 78) grams, respectively, compared with the treatments T1, T2 (108, 109) grams, respectively, and this was reflected in the percentage of weight loss, as it recorded T5,T9, and T10 (3.01, 2.90, 3.19)% compared to the treatments T1, T2 (4.04, 4.07)%. While T5,T9 and T10 recorded (319.95,300.20, 308.10) Iraqi dinars are the least financial losses for the month of March, but during the summer season, it is noted that the lost weight decreased during the months of July and August in transactions T5,T9and T10 (186,180, 187,) gm, respectively, compared with T1, T2 (216, 220) gm Respectively, it is also noted that the percentage of loss in these transactions decreased, as it recorded T5,T9, T10, (7.71,7.11, 7.36,)%, respectively. It is noted that financial losses decreased in these transactions during the month of August, as it recorded T5, T9 and T10 (734.70, 711.00, 738.65) Iraqi dinars, respectively, compared with T1, T2 (853.200, 869.00) Iraqi dinars, respectivel

Synthesis and Antibacterial activities of some Arabinofuranose-Schiff bases Derivatives

As a continuous research for the discovery of new antibacterial agents due to the developing resistance toward conventional antibiotics, we reported a convenient synthetic approach for the preparation of methyl-α-D-arabinofuranoside shiff-bases. A series of arabinose-Shiff bases were prepared through the trityl protection of the primary hydroxyl group of methyl-α-D-arabinofuranoside, benzoylation, the removal of the trityl protective group, tosylation, azidation, conversion to the amine in the presence of triphenylphosphine, condensing reaction with a variety of aromatic aldehydes, and subsequent debenzoylation. New compounds were characterized by 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. Synthesised compounds were screened for antibacterial activity against several bacterial strains namely, Escherichia coli; Staphylococcus aureus; Bacillus subtilis; Candida albicans; Aspergillus niger, and they showed enhanced antibacterial activity