Entwicklung nachhaltiger Pflanzenschutzstrategien zur Bek_mpfung von Schadschmetterlingen im olivenanbau

Current olive growing practices range from the traditional Mediterranean olive grove to intensively managed olive plantations. Insecticides against major olive pests, like the olive moth (Prays oleae, Lep.: Yponomeutidae) and the jasmine moth, (Palpita unionalis, Lep.: Pyralidae) are still applied frequently. The European Union-funded international research project TRIPHELIO is aimed at the development of economically feasible and sustainable insecticide-free control methods for key Lepidopterous pests of olive. Main research activities focus on (1) the use of pheromones for mating disruption and improved monitoring of target pests, (2) habitat management strategies to enhance the activity of natural enemies in the olive grove, and (3) the use of inundative releases of mass-reared egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma. Moreover, tools for successful integration of the methods developed into an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy for olive pests were explored by optimising techniques for surveillance as well as considering potential side-effects of common pesticides on beneficial organisms. An intense exchange of scientific information and technology between European and North African countries was undertaken to create solutions for a wide range of olive growing regions. Key results and recommendations for further essential steps towards practical implementation are presented in this publication.Zusammenfassung Traditionelle, extensiv bearbeitete Olivenhaine, aber auch moderne Intensiv-Plantagen mit k_nstlicher Bew_sserung und hohem Einsatz von D_ngern bzw. chemischen Pflanzenschutzmitteln kennzeichnen die derzeitigen verschiedenen Anbauformen der Olive im Mittelmeerraum. Schadlepidopteren wie die Olivenmotte (Prays oleae, Lep.: Yponomeutidae) und die Jasminmotte (Palpita unionalis, Lep.: Pyralidae) werden durch regelm_ssigen Insektizideinsatz bek_mpft. Das von der EU gef_rderte internationale Forschungsprojekt TRIPHELIO zielte auf die Entwicklung insektizidfreier Alternativmethoden durch (1) die Optimierung der pheromongest _tzten _berwachung und Verwirrtechnik, (2) der Anwendung von Habitatmanagement-Strategien zur F_rderung nat_rlicher Gegenspieler, und (3) dem Einsatz von Trichogramma-Schlupfwespen. Zus_tzlich wurden Module f_r eine optimale Anwendung biotechnischer und biologischer Methoden bez_glich der Ph_nologie der Schadinsekten und m_glicher Nebenwirkungen von Pestiziden erarbeitet. Die intensive Kooperation zwischen Wissenschaftlern und Praktikern aus mehreren L_ndern Europas und Nordafrikas erlaubte den Entwurf m_glicher L_sungsans_tze f_r verschiedene Anbaubedingungen und klimatische Regionen des Mittelmeerraumes. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse und Ausblicke f_r eine zuk_nftige praktische Umsetzung werden in dieser Ver_ffentlichung beschrieben

Effet de l’anatomie de la feuille sur l’évolution des acariens ériophyides de l’olivier en Tunisie

Le choix de variétés résistantes ou tolérantes aux nuisibles est une voie privilégiée de la lutte intégrée. Face à la recrudescence des acariens ériophyides (Aceria oleae Nalepa et Oxycenus maxwelli Keifer) sur les oliviers en Tunisie, aussi bien en pépinière qu’en verger, nous avons étudié la sensibilité à ces phytophages de 12 variétés : Arbequina, Chemchali, Chemlali Ontha, Chemlali Sfax, Chemlali Zarzis, Chétoui, Koroneiki, Meski, Oueslati, Picholine, Zalmati et Zarrazi. Les variétés d’olives à huile sont plus infestées que les variétés d’olives de table. L’étude histologique des feuilles montre que les variétés ayant une cuticule plus épaisse (Chétoui, Picholine, Oueslati et Zarrazi) sont moins infestées par ces acariens. Les épaisseurs seuils permettant de limiter la détérioration de l’acidité de l’huile induite par les acariens sont de 3,9 μm sur la face inférieure et 7,52 μm sur la face supérieure. La variété de table Meski, malgré une épaisseur de la cuticule inférieure à ces seuils, montre une résistance, en dehors de la période de floraison, ce qui suggère l’implication d’autres formes de résistance telles que la synthèse de composés biochimiques spécifiques

Phytophagous and predatory mites on olive trees in Tunisia. Catalogue, description of one new species and key for identification (Acari, Eriophyidae, Tetranychidae, Tenuipalpidae and Phytoseiidae)

International audienceDespite the importance of olive trees in Tunisia, very little is known about mite populations. A survey of phytophagous and predatory mites species in 21 orchards distributed over several sites was conducted from 2007 to 2013. During this study, 14 species of predatory mites along with 5 species of phytophagous mites were collected and identified. Almost all species are newly identified from olive trees, five of them are new to the Tunisian fauna and one species is new to Science. This paper provides a catalogue of these species and elements on their biogeographical distribution and biology. Identification keys are also provided. The Phytoseiidae species described in this study may provide new opportunities for the integrated pest management of Eriophyidae and Tenuipalpidae mites on olive trees

Efficacy of Lawsonia inermis leaves extract and its phenolic compounds against olive knot and crown gall diseases.

This study was undertaken to determine the antibacterial efficacy of the leaves extracts of Lawsonia inermis in vitro and in vivo, against the phytopathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas savastanoi pv savastanoi IVIA 1628 and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The hydroalcoholic extract of L. inermis was fractionated by liquid–liquid partition using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol. Among the tested fractions, the ethyl acetate (EtOAcF) and chloroform (CHCl3F) extracts exhibited high inhibition against all tested plant pathogens. The extracts exerted a bactericidal activity against both P. savastanoi and A. tumefaciens with MIC values ranging from 1.25 to 2.5 mg/ml. In planta experiments, the EtOAcF, tested at four concentrations (0.4, 0.2, 0.1 and 0.05 mg/wounds), completely inhibited the formation of knots on twigs of olive and tomato plants inoculated with pathogenic strains of P. savastanoi and A. tumefaciens (strains B6 and C58). The phytochemical screening revealed that the L. inermis fractions contain flavonoids, quinones, tannins and terpenoids. The qualitative analysis of the EtOAcF by LC–DAD–ELSD–ESI/MSn showed the presence of eight identified phenolic and phenolic glycoside compounds. These results suggest that L. inermis extracts could be used to control plant bacterial diseases caused by P. savastanoi and A. tumefaciens

Persistence of pyrethroid Deltamethrin and its effects on extra virgin olive oil quality

Abstract: The use of pesticides in developing countries remains out of control in major cases. Consequently, it is common to find amounts of residues exceeding the Maximum Residue Limits (MRL

Phytoseiid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) from Tunisia: catalogue, biogeography, and key for identification

6. European Congress of the European Association of Acarologists Integrative Acarology. Montpellier, 2008/07/21-25, 197-207The authors give a report on results of several surveys carried out to collect Phytoseiid mites, between1994 and 2008, from the main crops and surrounding vegetation in some regions of Tunisia. Acatalogue of all species found is provided with some information on their biology, when available, andbiogeography. Almost all species are new to Tunisian and two to African fauna. One genus and onespecies are new to Science and previously described. A key for the identification of the species found isalso provided

Providencia entomophila sp. nov., a new bacterial species associated with major olive pests in Tunisia.

Bioprospection for potential microbial biocontrol agents associated with three major insect pests of economic relevance for olive cultivation in the Mediterranean area, namely the olive fly, Bactrocera oleae, the olive moth, Prays oleae, and the olive psyllid, Euphyllura olivina, led to the isolation of several strains of readily cultivable Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria from Tunisian olive orchards. Determination of 16S ribosomal RNA encoding sequences identified the bacteria as members of the taxonomic genus Providencia (Enterobacterales; Morganellaceae). A more detailed molecular taxonomic analysis based on a previously established set of protein-encoding marker genes together with DNA-DNA hybridization and metabolic profiling studies led to the conclusion that the new isolates should be organized in a new species within this genus. With reference to their original insect association, the designation "Providencia entomophila" is proposed here for this hypothetical new taxon

Phytoseiid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) from Tunisia: catalogue, biogeography and key for identification

The authors give a report on results of several surveys carried out to collect Phytoseiid mites, between 1994 and 2008, from the main crops and surrounding vegetation in some regions of Tunisia. A catalogue of all species found is provided with some information on their biology, when available, and biogeography. Almost all species are new to Tunisian and two to African fauna. One genus and one species are new to Science and previously described. A key for the identification of the species found is also provided